Obamacare The Affordable Health Care Act - 1193 Words

Vanessa McCrary Jason Livingston English IV 30 October 2015 Obamacare Health Care Monstrosity With every new election comes new legislature the 2008 election had to deal with the hot new topic the Affordable Health Care Act (ACA). Then when Barack Obama was elected into office, he wanted it to be changed to Obamacare. Obamacare and the ACA is relatively the same thing. It is referred to as Obamacare because he is the one who signed for it to be passed. Due to the stress that Obamacare has put on the elderly, state businesses and small local business’s think that the United States should discontinue Obamacare during the next administration. Obamacare is an unofficial name for the Patient Protection and ACA (Affordable Care Act) which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010. The White House announced that in the first month, more than 100,000 Americans successfully enrolled in new insurance plans (The New America). That’s not even close to a quarter of the United States population. There have been problems with the website when it crashed. This prevented many Americans from completing the enrollment process. Which put a big hurt on the AC. But there is no question that there is a real demand for quality, affordable health insurance. In the first month, nearly a million people successfully completed an application for themselves or their families. An estimated amount 396,000 citizens have the ability to gain access to Medicaid under the Affordable CareShow MoreRelatedObamacare : The Affordable Health Care Act1610 Words   |  7 Pagesmonumental in the health care world. These changes have been posit ive as well as negative. This new government policy has come about through the Affordable Care Act, more commonly known as Obamacare. This new program has been so purely monumental, because government until then had not been directly involved with health care as much as they are. Benefits include lower costs, and thousands of uninsured individuals and families with health care. Downsides are more and higher taxes, and health insurance goesRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Health Care Act ( Obamacare )2199 Words   |  9 PagesProtection and Affordable Health Care Act aka Obamacare, has been the largest, and most challenging, adjustment to the United States health system in the past 60 years. â€Å"Obamacare’s main focus is on providing more Americans with access to affordable health insurance, improving the quality of health care and health insurance, regulating the health insurance industry, and reducing health care spending in the US.† (http://obamaca refacts.com/whatis-obamacare/) Referenced Obamacare in short, in relationRead MoreAffordable Healthcare Act And Affordable Care Act1409 Words   |  6 PagesProtection and Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as The Affordable Healthcare Act, aka Obamacare. In this paper I am going to explain some of the major parts of the Affordable Healthcare Act and explain where I stand with this law. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was designed to improve the healthcare and health insurance business in the United States of America. Some of the main focuses of Obamacare is to add new gains for health care, more rights, more security, and making health careRead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1507 Words   |  7 Pagesequal health care coverage for all; and that is called The Affordable Care Act ( ACA)1 or also known as Obamacare. This program provides standardized medical expenses/procedures to be made and allows everyone -- who is eligible -- to have coverage. However, I think that we need to take in account how Obamacare is negatively impacting the lower class, middle class, and upper class; therefore, we should remove it. This law became effective on March 23, 2010 (Key Features of The Affordable Care Act). ObamacareRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )956 Words   |  4 PagesAbsract++++++++++++++++++++++++++= The Affordable Care Act (ACA) (also known as â€Å"Obamacare†) is an historic piece of legislation that has had massive effect on healthcare in the United States. Its systemic effects on healthcare in this country are numberous, from insurance to ambulatory care, from healthcare related taxes to healthcare resources, and beyond. That said, the following research paper attempts to summarize how this massive piece of legislation has effected healthcare in the UnitedRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1668 Words   |  7 PagesOn March 23,2010 the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, was signed into law. This act aims to provide affordable health care coverage for all United States citizens. â€Å"The Affordable Care Act affirms the core principle that everybody should have some basic security when it comes to their health care.† (President Obama) It will provide insurance to more than thirty million people who have been previously uninsured, and wil l be achieved by expanding Medicaid and extending federal subsidiesRead MoreThe Case against Obamacare667 Words   |  3 PagesThe case against Obamacare For healthcare coverage to work a healthcare system needs to be in place. The biggest thing we need to take away from this is whether healthcare is a commodity or human right and that it’s affordable. The people want the healthcare to be reform, but reformed in a better direction than what the Affordable Health Care Act is presenting. The people don’t want Washington to decide what type of care they need; the decision should be left upon the people. The new lawRead MoreKey Components Of H.R. 3590. It Has Been Referred To By1168 Words   |  5 PagesComponents of H.R. 3590 It has been referred to by several names; the â€Å"PPACA†, â€Å"H.R. 3590†, â€Å"ACA† and â€Å"Obamacare†. Whatever you wish to call it, it has become one of the most debated legislative acts of our time. It has also become the most significant piece of social legislation since Medicare was introduced to our country in the 1960’s (Patton, 2014). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President BarackRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a highly controversial act of the United States government commonly referred to as ObamaCare. Designed to â€Å"ensure that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care,† (Patient Protection) this bill has received a large amount of opposition for a variety of reasons, but it is also widely supported, t herefore garnering it attention from interest groups. Many interest groups, including religious organizations, attempt to change laws andRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe president, he implied many new suggestions in the United States, for example, the Affordable Care Act or The Patient Protection also known as Obamacare. The health care reform also known as The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or simply Obamacare became one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the United States since the mid-1960’s.1 This is the first attempt to reform the U.S. Health Care system of the United States since the 1960s, when the President Johnson created public

Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant Free Essays

string(30) " finish if you make speeches\." The â€Å"hangar† on Kalgan is an institution peculiar unto itself, born of the need for the disposition of the vast number of ships brought in by the visitors from abroad, and the simultaneous and consequent vast need for living accommodations for the same. The original bright one who had thought of the obvious solution had quickly become a millionaire. His heirs – by birth or finance – were easily among the richest on Kalgan. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant or any similar topic only for you Order Now The â€Å"hangar† spreads fatly over square miles of territory, and â€Å"hangar† does not describe it at all sufficiently. It is essentially a hotel – for ships. The traveler pays in advance and his ship is awarded a berth from which it can take off into space at any desired moment. The visitor then lives in his ship as always. The ordinary hotel services such as the replacement of food and medical supplies at special rates, simple servicing of the ship itself, special intra-Kalgan transportation for a nominal sum are to be had, of course. As a result, the visitor combines hangar space and hotel bill into one, at a saving. The owners sell temporary use of ground space at ample profits. The government collects huge taxes. Everyone has fun. Nobody loses. Simple! The man who made his way down the shadow-borders of the wide corridors that connected the multitudinous wings of the â€Å"hangar† had in the past speculated on the novelty and usefulness of the system described above, but these were reflections for idle moments – distinctly unsuitable at present. The ships hulked in their height and breadth down the long lines of carefully aligned cells, and the man discarded line after line. He was an expert at what he was doing now and if his preliminary study of the hangar registry had failed to give specific information beyond the doubtful indication of a specific wing – one containing hundreds of ships – his specialized knowledge could winnow those hundreds into one. There was the ghost of a sigh in the silence, as the man stopped and faded down one of the lines; a crawling insect beneath the notice of the arrogant metal monsters that rested there. Here and there the sparkling of light from a porthole would indicate the presence of an early returner from the organized pleasures to simpler – or more private – pleasures of his own. The man halted, and would have smiled if he ever smiled. Certainly the convolutions of his brain performed the mental equivalent of a smile. The ship he stopped at was sleek and obviously fast. The peculiarity of its design was what he wanted. It was not a usual model – and these days most of the ships of this quadrant of the Galaxy either imitated Foundation design or were built by Foundation technicians. But this was special. This was a Foundation ship – if only because of the tiny bulges in the skin that were the nodes of the protective screen that only a Foundation ship could possess. There were other indications, too. The man felt no hesitation. The electronic barrier strung across the line of the ships as a concession to privacy on the part of the management was not at all important to him. It parted easily, and without activating the alarm, at the use of the very special neutralizing force he had at his disposal. So the first knowledge within the ship of the intruder without was the casual and almost friendly signal of the muted buzzer in the ship’s living room that was the result of a palm placed over the little photocell just one side of the main air lock. And while that successful search went on, Toran and Bayta felt only the most precarious security within the steel walls of the Bayta. The Mule’s clown who had reported that within his narrow compass of body he held the lordly name of Magnifico Giganticus, sat hunched over the table and gobbled at the food set before him. His sad, brown eyes lifted from his meat only to follow Bayta’s movements in the combined kitchen and larder where he ate. â€Å"The thanks of a weak one are of but little value,† he muttered, â€Å"but you have them, for truly, in this past week, little but scraps have come my way – and for all my body is small, yet is my appetite unseemly great.† â€Å"Well, then, eat!† said Bayta, with a smile. â€Å"Don’t waste your time on thanks. Isn’t there a Central Galaxy proverb about gratitude that I once heard?† â€Å"Truly there is, my lady. For a wise man, I have been told, once said, ‘Gratitude is best and most effective when it does not evaporate itself in empty phrases.’ But alas, my lady, I am but a mass of empty phrases, it would seem. When my empty phrases pleased the Mule, it brought me a court dress, and a grand name – for, see you, it was originally simply Bobo, one that pleases him not – and then when my empty phrases pleased him not, it would bring upon my poor bones beatings and whippings.† Toran entered from the pilot room, â€Å"Nothing to do now but wait, Bay. I hope the Mule is capable of understanding that a Foundation ship is Foundation territory.† Magnifico Giganticus, once Bobo, opened his eyes wide and exclaimed, â€Å"How great is the Foundation before which even the cruel servants of the Mule tremble.† â€Å"Have you heard of the Foundation, too?† asked Bayta, with a little smile. â€Å"And who has not?† Magnifico’s voice was a mysterious whisper. â€Å"There are those who say it is a world of great magic, of fires that can consume planets, and secrets of mighty strength. They say that not the highest nobility of the Galaxy could achieve the honor and deference considered only the natural due of a simple man who could say ‘I am a citizen of the Foundation,’ – were he only a salvage miner of space, or a nothing like myself.† Bayta said, â€Å"Now, Magnifico, you’ll never finish if you make speeches. You read "Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant" in category "Essay examples" Here, I’ll get you a little flavored milk. It’s good.† She placed a pitcher of it upon the table and motioned Toran out of the room. â€Å"Torie, what are we going to do now – about him?† and she motioned towards the kitchen. â€Å"How do you mean?† â€Å"If the Mule comes, are we going to give him up?† â€Å"Well, what else, Bay?† He sounded harassed, and the gesture with which he shoved back the moist curl upon his forehead testified to that. He continued impatiently, â€Å"Before I came here I had a sort of vague idea that all we had to do was to ask for the Mule, and then get down to business – just business, you know, nothing definite.† â€Å"I know what you mean, Torie. I wasn’t much hoping to see the Mule myself, but I did think we could pick up some firsthand knowledge of the mess, and then pass it over to people who know a little more about this interstellar intrigue. I’m no storybook spy.† â€Å"You’re not behind me, Bay.† He folded his arms and frowned. â€Å"What a situation! You’d never know there was a person like the Mule, except for this last queer break. Do you suppose he’ll come for his clown?† Bayta looked up at him. â€Å"I don’t know that I want him to. I don’t know what to say or do. Do you?† The inner buzzer sounded with its intermittent burring noise. Bayta’s lips moved wordlessly, â€Å"The Mule!† Magnifico was in the doorway, eyes wide, his voice a whimper, â€Å"The Mule?† Toran murmured, â€Å"I’ve got to let them in.† A contact opened the air lock and the outer door closed behind the newcomer. The scanner showed only a single shadowed figure. â€Å"It’s only one person,† said Toran, with open relief, and his voice was almost shaky as he bent toward the signal tube, â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"You’d better let me in and find out, hadn’t you?† The words came thinly out the receiver. â€Å"I’ll inform you that this is a Foundation ship and consequently Foundation territory by international treaty.† â€Å"I know that.† â€Å"Come with your arms free, or I’ll shoot. I’m well-armed.† â€Å"Done!† Toran opened the inner door and closed contact on his blast pistol, thumb hovering over the pressure point. There was the sound of footsteps and then the door swung open, and Magnifico cried out, â€Å"It’s not the Mule. It’s but a man.† The â€Å"man† bowed to the clown somberly, â€Å"Very accurate. I’m not the Mule.† He held his hands apart, â€Å"I’m not armed, and I come on a peaceful errand. You might relax and put the blast pistol away. Your hand isn’t steady enough for my peace of mind.† â€Å"Who are you?† asked Toran, brusquely. â€Å"I might ask you that,† said the stranger, coolly, â€Å"since you’re the one under false pretenses, not I.† â€Å"How so?† â€Å"You’re the one who claims to be a Foundation citizen when there’s not an authorized Trader on the planet.† â€Å"That’s not so. How would you know?† â€Å"Because I am a Foundation citizen, and have my papers to prove it. Where are yours?† â€Å"I think you’d better get out.† â€Å"I think not. If you know anything about Foundation methods, and despite your imposture you might, you’d know that if I don’t return alive to my ship at a specified time, there’ll be a signal at the nearest Foundation headquarters so I doubt if your weapons will have much effect, practically speaking.† There was an irresolute silence and then Bayta said, calmly, â€Å"Put the blaster away, Toran, and take him at face value. He sounds like the real thing.† â€Å"Thank you,† said the stranger. Toran put his gun on the chair beside him, â€Å"Suppose you explain all this now.† The stranger remained standing. He was long of bone and large of limb. His face consisted of hard flat planes and it was somehow evident that he never smiled. But his eyes lacked hardness. He said, â€Å"News travels quickly, especially when it is apparently beyond belief. I don’t suppose there’s a person on Kalgan who doesn’t know that the Mule’s men were kicked in the teeth today by two tourists from the Foundation. I knew of the important details before evening, and, as I said, there are no Foundation tourists aside from myself on the planet. We know about those things.† â€Å"Who are the ‘we’?† â€Å"‘We’ are – ‘we’! Myself for one! I knew you were at the Hangar – you had been overheard to say so. I had my ways of checking the registry, and my ways of finding the ship.† He turned to Bayta suddenly, â€Å"You’re from the Foundation – by birth, aren’t you?† â€Å"Am I?† â€Å"You’re a member of the democratic opposition – they call it ‘the underground.’ I don’t remember your name, but I do the face. You got out only recently – and wouldn’t have if you were more important.† Bayta shrugged, â€Å"You know a lot.† â€Å"I do. You escaped with a man. That one?† â€Å"Does it matter what I say?† â€Å"No. I merely want a thorough mutual understanding. I believe that the password during the week you left so hastily was ‘Seldon, Hardin, and Freedom.’ Porfirat Hart was your section leader. â€Å" â€Å"Where’d you get that?† Bayta was suddenly fierce. â€Å"Did the police get him?† Toran held her back, but she shook herself loose and advanced. The man from the Foundation said quietly, â€Å"Nobody has him. It’s just that the underground spreads widely and in queer places. I’m Captain Han Pritcher of Information, and I’m a section leader myself – never mind under what name.† He waited, then said, â€Å"No, you don’t have to believe me. In our business it is better to overdo suspicion than the opposite. But I’d better get past the preliminaries.† â€Å"Yes,† said Toran, â€Å"suppose you do.† â€Å"May I sit down? Thanks.† Captain Pritcher swung a long leg across his knee and let an arm swing loose over the back of the chair. â€Å"I’ll start out by saying that I don’t know what all this is about – from your angle. You two aren’t from the Foundation, but it’s not a hard guess that you’re from one of the independent Trading worlds. That doesn’t bother me overmuch. But out of curiosity, what do you want with that fellow, that clown you snatched to safety? You’re risking your life to hold on to him.† â€Å"I can’t tell you that.† â€Å"Hm-m-m. Well, I didn’t think you would. But if you’re waiting for the Mule himself to come behind a fanfarade of horns, drums, and electric organs – relax! The Mule doesn’t work that way.† â€Å"What?† It came from both Toran and Bayta, and in the comer where Magnifico lurked with ears almost visibly expanded, there was a sudden joyful start. â€Å"That’s right. I’ve been trying to contact him myself, and doing a rather more thorough job of it than you two amateurs can. It won’t work. The man makes no personal appearance, does not allow himself to be photographed or simulated, and is seen only by his most intimate associates.† â€Å"Is that supposed to explain your interest in us, captain?† questioned Toran. â€Å"No. That clown is the key. That clown is one of the very few that have seen him. I want him. He may be the proof I need – and I need something, Galaxy knows – to awaken the Foundation.† â€Å"It needs awakening?† broke in Bayta with sudden sharpness. â€Å"Against what? And in what role do you act as alarm, that of rebel democrat or of secret police and provocateur?† The captain’s face set in its hard lines. â€Å"When the entire Foundation is threatened, Madame Revolutionary, both democrats and tyrants perish. Let us save the tyrants from a greater, that we may overthrow them in their turn.† â€Å"Who’s the greater tyrant you speak of?† flared Bayta. â€Å"The Mule! I know a bit about him, enough to have been my death several times over already, if I had moved less nimbly. Send the clown out of the room. This will require privacy.† â€Å"Magnifico,† said Bayta, with a gesture, and the clown left without a sound. The captain’s voice was grave and intense, and low enough so that Toran and Bayta drew close. He said, â€Å"The Mule is a shrewd operator – far too shrewd not to realize the advantage of the magnetism and glamour of personal leadership. If he gives that up, it’s for a reason. That reason must be the fact that personal contact would reveal something that is of overwhelming importance not to reveal.† He waved aside questions, and continued more quickly, â€Å"I went back to his birthplace for this, and questioned people who for their knowledge will not live long. Few enough are still alive. They remember the baby born thirty years before – the death of his mother – his strange youth. The Mule is not a human being!† And his two listeners drew back in horror at the misty implications. Neither understood, fully or clearly, but the menace of the phrase was definite. The captain continued, â€Å"He is a mutant, and obviously from his subsequent career, a highly successful one. I don’t know his powers or the exact extent to which he is what our thrillers would call a ‘superman,’ but the rise from nothing to the conqueror of Kalgan’s warlord in two years is revealing. You see, don’t you, the danger? Can a genetic accident of unpredictable biological properties be taken into account in the Seldon plan?† Slowly, Bayta spoke, â€Å"I don’t believe it. This is some sort of complicated trickery. Why didn’t the Mule’s men kill us when they could have, if he’s a superman?† â€Å"I told you that I don’t know the extent of his mutation. He may not be ready, yet, for the Foundation, and it would be a sign of the greatest wisdom to resist provocation until ready. Now let me speak to the clown.† The captain faced the trembling Magnifico, who obviously distrusted this huge, hard man who faced him. The captain began slowly, â€Å"Have you seen the Mule with your own eyes?† â€Å"I have but too well, respected sir. And felt the weight of his arm with my own body as well.† â€Å"I have no doubt of that. Can you describe him?† â€Å"It is frightening to recall him, respected sir. He is a man of mighty frame. Against him, even you would be but a spindling. His hair is of a burning crimson, and with all my strength and weight I could not pull down his arm, once extended – not a hair’s thickness.† Magnifico’s thinness seemed to collapse upon itself in a huddle of arms and legs. â€Å"Often, to amuse his generals or to amuse only himself, he would suspend me by one finger in my belt from a fearful height, while I chattered poetry. It was only after the twentieth verse that I was withdrawn, and each improvised and each a perfect rhyme, or else start over. He is a man of overpowering might, respected sir, and cruel in the use of his power – and his eyes, respected sir, no one sees.† â€Å"What? What’s that last?† â€Å"He wears spectacles, respected sir, of a curious nature. It is said that they are opaque and that he sees by a powerful magic that far transcends human powers. I have heard,† and his voice was small and mysterious, â€Å"that to see his eyes is to see death; that he kills with his eyes, respected sir.† Magnifico’s eyes wheeled quickly from one watching face to another. He quavered, â€Å"It is true. As I live, it is true. â€Å" Bayta drew a long breath, â€Å"Sounds like you’re right, captain. Do you want to take over?† â€Å"Well, let’s look at the situation. You don’t owe anything here? The hangar’s barrier above is free?† â€Å"I can leave any time.† â€Å"Then leave. The Mule may not wish to antagonize the Foundation, but he runs a frightful risk in letting Magnifico get away. It probably accounts for the hue and cry after the poor devil in the first place. So there may be ships waiting for you upstairs. If you’re lost in space, who’s to pin the crime?† â€Å"You’re right,† agreed Toran, bleakly. â€Å"However, you’ve got a shield and you’re probably speedier than anything they’ve got, so as soon as you’re clear of the atmosphere make the circle in neutral to the other hemisphere, then just cut a track outwards at top acceleration.† â€Å"Yes,† said Bayta coldly, â€Å"and when we are back on the Foundation, what then, captain?† â€Å"Why, you are then co-operative citizens of Kalgan, are you not? I know nothing to the contrary, do I?† Nothing was said. Toran turned to the controls. There was an imperceptible lurch. It was when Toran had left Kalgan sufficiently far in the rear to attempt his first interstellar jump, that Captain Pritcher’s face first creased slightly – for no ship of the Mule had in any way attempted to bar their leaving. â€Å"Looks like he’s letting us carry off Magnifico,† said Toran. â€Å"Not so good for your story.† â€Å"Unless,† corrected the captain, â€Å"he wants us to carry him off, in which case it’s not so good for the Foundation.† It was after the last jump, when within neutral-flight distance of the Foundation, that the first hyperwave news broadcast reached the ship. And there was one news item barely mentioned. It seemed that a warlord – unidentified by the bored speaker – had made representations to the Foundation concerning the forceful abduction of a member of his court. The announcer went on to the sports news. Captain Pritcher said icily, â€Å"He’s one step ahead of us after all.† Thoughtfully, he added, â€Å"He’s ready for the Foundation, and he uses this as an excuse for action. It makes things more difficult for us. We will have to act before we are really ready.† How to cite Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant, Essay examples

Motivational Management Theories

Question: What is the Motivational Management Theories. Answer: Introduction Management theories are executed in an organisation to help in increasing service quality, and organisational productivity. According to the workforce, purpose, and workplace managers decided which theory or theories should be implemented to attain productivity and quality. To attain productivity and quality it is necessary that the employees working for the company are motivated. For motivating employees also some theories are being researched and used by the various organisations (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). Theories like Expectancy theory according to which, motivation can lead an individual to act in a particular behaviour and get the desired result. Equity theory which says those individuals are motivated due to fairness and inequity de-motivate them. Goal setting theory emphasises on setting goal is necessary for the motivation of employees. Herzberg theory is all about factors that lead to satisfaction of employees. Marlows hierarchy theory states that goal is the main reason for motivation in a human behaviour (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). All these theories are regularly implemented by companies to get the desired outcome by motivating their employees. How an employee is motivated and what factors motivates the employees are being analysed by these theories. Every theory has its own implanting factors that help in motivating the employees to get the desired result for the company. Companies having unmotivated employees regularly face high turnover rates and low productivity. Multiple theories help in explaining how to motivate employees and also provide suggestions for increasing motivation in the workplace. To improve business by improving worker productivity and increasing rates of employee retention it is necessary to understand the best theory that fits the employees of the company (Hatzistavrou, 2006). This report discusses the five motivation theories of management expectancy theory, equity theory, Herzberg theory, goal setting theory, and Marlows hierarchy theory. Evidence is provided to prove that which organization has used these theories for motivating their employees. Examples stating how a particular theory was applied in an organisation and how it resulted in the success and attainment of goals are also mentioned. Every theory has some disadvantages which are very necessary to considered by an organisation before implying that theory for motivating their employees. The issues related to these theories are discussed to get the full picture of the theories and how they can be best used for any organisation or a company (Dudovskiy, 2012). Motivational Management Theories Expectancy Theory Expectancy theory of motivation or Expectancy theory states that an individual would act or behave in a particular way as they are being motivated to prefer a peculiar behaviour to get the result which is expected due to the selected behaviour. The factors of expectancy theory are valance, expectancy, and instrumentality (Baumann Bonner, 2016). Evidence- The Yahoo Company used expectancy theory (Ann Lingle, 2015). Example- The CEO of the company removed work from home facility, cafeterias started serving free food, employees were given Android, and I- phones for use, and started a weekly Friday meeting for Yahoo employees for solving their problems by the management. It was concluded that the theory of expectancy had the desired result for the company and all the worker when working in the office were more invested in their work and therefore, working to achieve the great goal of bringing a change to the company. Furthermore, the policy changes resulted in increased worker connectivity, worker morale, and worker production (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). The issues related to the expectancy theory are:- Multiplicative or Additive- According to the expectancy theory the motivation is equal to expectancy which means if any factors of the theory are zero than employees will remain unmotivated whereas in reality employees work hard regardless of reward. Lack of Values- the theory assumes that all employees will be motivated in the same way for the desired reward, but that is not the fact many employees may get motivated by other factors also. Timing Issues- the expectancy theory takes that an employee work on a certain project just for the reward, but it totally ignores the person who works just because he wanted to perform well on a long-term. Implementation Challenges- According to expectancy theory a manger has full access to employees valance and instrumentality factors. But, in reality, it is hard for managers to identify actually the reward which will motivate all the employees (Bhattacharya, 2010). Equity Theory Equity theory states that an individual is motivated by fairness, and if any inequities come up in the ratio of input and output then to reach the perceived equity, the input will be adjusted. It suggests that more the individuals equity perception, the more motivated he will be and if he finds an unfair environment, it will de-motivate him (Francis Redmond, 2015). Evidence- a study was conducted by applying equity theory in Cornell's School of Management (Francis Redmond, 2015). Example- according to a study taken by Lawyer and OGara Company, they hired forty Yale University Undergraduates for conducting interviews and to be paid on the private basis. Students who were paid less come up with more interviews to get a better pay but quality of the better-paid one was better. There was a feeling of inequality amongst the low paid ones as they feel they worked harder than the other. There was a different level of job satisfaction attained by both the groups. The study proved the applicability of equity theory in the work environment. Issues related to the equity theory are: - Equity theory makes an individual be more focused on what the other person is getting in reward. It is not necessary the reward decided by the company is fair and equitable for the employees point of view. All the employees dont work in the same way, but they expect the same return as the other one is getting Employees may distort the outcome to prove that they are equitable for the reward (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). Goal Setting Theory Every organisation has a basic goal without it no employee will be motivated enough to come and work for the company. The management helps in setting complex and effective goals to boost the employees performance and companys profit. This management theory is known as goal setting theory (Goerg, 2015). Evidence- the US Navy Seal follows goal setting theory (Larter, 2014). Example- working in Navy one need to have a goal and the navy set goal need to be determined by the candidates are athletic ability, determination to win, and feeling of patriotism. These are first stepping to be a part of the Navy is to attain the goal set by the US navy seal (Stratton, 2005). The issues with goal setting theory are:- De-motivation- vague and unnecessary goals can lead to de-motivation. And if they are too easy or not specific then also, employees will not be motivated to achieve them. Performance Evaluation- if the goals are not set properly then the measurement of the employees performance will also hamper (Gomez-Minambres, 2012). Herzberg Theory Herzberg proposes the motivator-hygiene or two-factor theory. The theory says that there are some job elements or factors that provide satisfaction to employees and some factors prevent the dissatisfaction of job. In crux, the contradiction of satisfaction is no satisfaction and dissatisfactions reverse is no dissatisfaction (Shpektorenko, 2013). Evidence- The Tesco Company used Herzberg Theory for motivating their employees (Friedman, 2014). Example- the Tesco Company used Herzberg theory by paying attention to the factors causing satisfaction and also, those who are causing dissatisfaction. They found that an employee gets motivated by on time and appropriate communication. This includes involvement of personnel in decision making. For pay rise forums were held so staff can give their input. Their input in designing of restaurant menus was also asked which make them feel useful for the company hence, prevents any kind of dissatisfaction and alienation. The issues related to the Herzberg Theory are:- It overlooks the situational variables The theory assumes a correlation of satisfaction and productivity, but, the actual research ignores productivity and stresses upon satisfaction only. Any kind of comprehensive measure for satisfaction was not used in the theory Blue-collar workers are ignored by the theory (Sachau, 2007). Maslows Need Hierarchy Model Maslows hierarchy theory states that human behaviour is goal directed and motivation causes this goal- directed, behaviour. With the help of motivation needs of an individual can be tackled and handled purposely and that can be cleared by an understanding of the hierarchy of needs by the management (Udechukwu, 2009). Evidence- Virgin Atlantic Airlines uses Maslows Hierarchy (Dudovskiy, 2012). Example- the Maslows Hierarchy theory is effectively used by Virgin Atlantic Airlines to motivate their employees at all level according to the nature of employees immediate needs. They specifically included financial incentives for junior level employees, and professional and personal growth is perceived when motivating managers of medium level (Lester, 2013). Issues related to the Maslows Hierarchy theory are: - Maslows hierarchy theory is just based on many lists but not on a proper scientific research of the factors (Zhang Xu, 2010). Maslow never put up any data of research which means most of the theory was based on just assumption of human behaviour The theory cannot be considered on a general basis as it was conducted on prominently limited people. According to Maslows theory for achieving the potential and self- actualization ones lower needs must be satisfied. But, is it not the case on the regular basis (Pereira, de Campos, Camarini, 2012). Conclusion Any organisation that needs to motivate its employee to perform better, produce desired results, achieve goals of the company, and behave to produce a positive outcome for the company can use any of the theory discussed above in the report. The study on various management motivational theories provides an introduction to the theory where it shows how and on what factors thus, the theory works to motivate employees. Examples and evidence are given to prove that to which kind of a company a particular theory will work in the best way (Richter, 2013). Every theory has some pro and some cons that are necessary for an organisation to consider before implementing it in their organisation. The example shows the pros of the theories and the issues related to the theories are explained in detail to provide detailed information about the theory. The strength of this study is that it concludes and analyse five different theories of motivation, and they are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, Herzberg theory, and Maslows hierarchy theory of needs. It becomes easy to consider which kind of theory will work better for an organisation by going through the all the factors provided in the study. One can compare between all the five theories present in the study and choose the best out of all which suits the situation of the company (Zhang Xu, 2010). If personnel go through the study provided here, he will be able to get a crux of most famous and useful motivational management theories. Big companies like Yahoo, Google, Tesco, US Navy Seal, and Virgin Atlantic Airlines has used either of the theories for motivating their employees at a certain time and found the success in implementation of the theory as well as getting the desired outcome in the form of motivated employees of the company. What factors these big companies has used and how they have implemented these theories in their companies are discussed in the example which is going to help the personnel to know better that which theory can be used in what ways to motivate companys employee to get the desired outcome from them. This study does not cover the advantages of all the theories in detail which may give an incomplete idea about the actual outcome of the theory, if implemented. It is necessary to go through each and every factor of the theory and that includes the disadvantages as well as advantages that will be provided by the implementation of these motivational management theories (Hatzistavrou, 2006). The authentic evidence given in the report will provide the person going through the study information about the company who has already used these theories to motivate their employees and successfully attained their goal. By going through the evidence, the person can know which type of company can use which theory that will suit the best for getting the success they desired from the implementation of these theories. In the end, it concludes that this study gave a crux of all the motivational management theories which can be used successfully to motivate an employees for the better productivity, better working environment, job satisfaction for employee, and equity amongst all the employees (Hammersley, 2013). References Angst, L. Borowiecki, K. (2013). Delegation and motivation.Theory And Decision,76(3), 363-393. Ann Lingle, F. (2015).Work Attitudes and Job Motivation.Expectancy Theory Overview. Baumann, M. Bonner, B. (2016). An Expectancy Theory Approach to Group Coordination: Expertise, Task Features, and Member Behavior.J. Behav. Dec. Bhattacharya, A. (2010). Expectancy theory.Nature,464(7287), 456-456. Dudovskiy, J. 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