Value configuration of argos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value configuration of argos - Research Paper Exampleshopping very accessible to their clients with the accessibility of sets for surfing earlier to visiting the stores ,the collections are accessible as hard copies for example, the low price DVDs and CDs.This suitability of shopping with the Argos lengthens to the establishment of home distribution for mobile orders and online acquisitions at lowered prices.The clients who are registered to Argos website benefits from 5% discounts on the complete Argos variety and some monies to use in Argos and site stores obtainable on their loyalty cards. Argos deals in merchandises perplexity to the client such as breakdown care, equipment care and replacement produce care.For easy admittance of the companys features and produces, Argos has established beta Widget which delivers a quicker and easier access to the main features of Argos.co.uk which comprised the pursuit of their up-to-date offers, costs and the wide merchandise range. To advanc e rates of exchange, drive produces sales and progress their enactments, Argos linked with the Zoocha to form the customer proficient design.Argos has capitalized meaningfully in digital contribution and establish new ways to influence its vast store collection in a retail atmosphere, this is due to the just launched five-year revolution plan which marks Argos as a digital front-runner in the corporate market. This has led to the improvement of Argos products buy since clients could visit the Argos website through mobile devices and surf for products and conducts purchase .It appeals to the clients because of the endowment of 16% discount of the general purchases directed through the phones. , Argos announces a digital version of its Christmas salute guide that exploits new expertise and rich content to deliver collaborating ways of spending for its customers (www.argos.co.uk ,2014).In addition, the catalogue type of the gift controller is using increase reality to lift arrangem ent stages further.Interms of expertise Argos

Riding the Black Cockatoo & Company Sin Representation Essay Example for Free

Riding the Black Cockatoo Company Sin Representation EssayWords atomic number 18 powerful tools that abide be used to represent people and shape opinions about others. In a similar way, certain actions and our treatment of other cultures demonstrate our understandings and acceptance of, several(predicate) beliefs and cultures. Two texts that support these statements and include representations of original Australian culture and beliefs are Riding the Black Cockatoo by buttocks Danalis and Company Sin by buttocks Butler Trio.John Danalis wrote a captivating novel about his journey towards righting the wrongs his family committed, by returning an endemical skull that was kept on his familys mantelpiece. Throughout his writing, John portrays the sense of oneness towards the land of the Indigenous community and his motivation to come to terms with all the connections he never knew existed.Company Sin symbolises a childly mans ignorance and indifference towards the Indigenou s culture. Ben naively deducticipates in a mining companys desecration of an Indigenous Australian burial site. The lyric in the song portray his struggle with dreams and what these dreams actually embody.Symbolic use of spoken language and language creates vivid images of the song and novel in the audiences minds. Through representations in the text readers have been positioned to perceive qualities of Indigenous Australians heritage, spirituality and their relationship with aim earth.In Riding the Black Cockatoo, words and language are used purposefully to demonstrate the significance of returning Indigenous Australians bones to the tribal elders for burial.Danalis realises through his journey of rapprochement that for Indigenous Australians, the disturbance or non-burial of bones means that a soul remains in a state of unrest. Current generations know that it is their spiritual province to ensure that bones are returned home, to the earth. Danalis begins to realise that Indi genous Australians feel death very differently to white folk.The handover of the skull is significant for both Danalis and the Indigenous people. The Indigenous community worked with Danalis and did not condemn him for what his family had done with the skull. They even included them in the ceremony and both sides working through some sensitive issues, with the common take up of returning Mary to the rightful place the earth.The Indigenous community led Danalis through a learning process about the rights of their ancestors and the need for the land to be a central part of their spirituality. With this, the land is positioned to be the sacred resting place for those who have passed on.The relationship Danalis developed with the Indigenous community and being invited to participate in the ritual ceremony, gave him an insight into Indigenous cultural traditions.Indigenous Australian culture believes that when a person dies, their spirit goes back to the ancestral land, when the correc t ceremonial rituals are conducted. This ceremony encompasses many traditions for the clan, such as the cloak of possum fur and the Yorta Yorta song man making a Cockatoo cry We waited KAR-AAK There was a clack-clack of position sticks, and then another KAR-AAK His black cockatoo cries cascaded d feature the stairwells, echoed off overhead walkway escarpments and bounced through the air-conditioning ducts.This linkage of nature connotes Indigenous Australians strong connections of culture with land. It shows they treat nature with full respect and incorporate it into their lives.Ceremonial objects specific for the ceremonies come from the land. Danalis describes Bob when requiring a smoking bowl, called a coolamon and not having one there, aspect Ill make one Bob finds the bark needed, pulls it off and makes the bowl. This demonstrates their strong reliance on nature. Through his description of this event, Danalis was sure that they would have to go without a bowl for the ceremo ny and was surprised by Bobs actions, in being able to create what they needed from the land.Indigenous Australians do not own the land. They see it as part of them and that it is their duty to respect and look after their mother earth. They use the land to live on, to gain food from, to make items they need and then to return their ancestors to the earth, when they pass on. This is a different concept to the culture White Australians have grown up with. Danalis has to explore his own prejudices and realises that he lives in a nation with some, who are trying to come to terms with both heritages, cultures and beliefs.Indigenous Australians bury their ancestors on what average Australians see as prime land, where wage could be made from farming or mining. Indigenous Australians do this, as they believe they can enter the spirit world and become one with their mother the Earth Calling the earth their Mother, solidifies Indigenous Australians strong connectivity of their spiritual her itage with the land. This is something that White Australians do not have in their heritage. The Indigenous people care for and love the earth they live on. They have a spiritual connection to it, not just a physical one. Simply, this is not part of how White Australians view the land and it is not part of their heritage.

Failure Of Materials Essay Example for Free

Failure Of Materials EssayFailure of materials is an analysis in technology world, to approach and determining about how and why a materials has failed, like iron bar, why it preserve crocked or porous. Some general causes of failure ar structural leading, wear corrosion and latent defects.Failure of materials must be known by an engineer, safety is the first word when engineer working create structure. They can non take random about materials that is used. They must know strength, flexibility, and endure of materials. For adding, with developing and updating software or research that had be do by company, well more easy to know the characteristic of materials that we use.TYPICAL OF FAILURE OF MATERIALSFatigue FailuresMetal fatigue is caused by repeated cycling of the load below its static rejoin strength. It is a progressive localized damage due to fluctuating stresses and achieves on the material. Metal fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in regions where the strain is most severe. The process of fatigue consists of three stages Initial crack initiation, Progressive crack growth a skip over the part, and Final sudden fracture of the remaining cross section.Corrosion FailuresCorrosion is chemically induced damage to a material that results in deterioration of the material and its properties. It is most coming from environment. Corrosion is normal, it is can not be removed, but can be minimized with several strategy like proper choice of material, design, coatings, and occasionally by changing the environment. Various types of admixturelic and non surfacelic coatings are regularly used to protect metal parts from corrosion. If corrosion can be minimized, materials be able to use and more advantage. fictile and Brittle Metal FailuresDuctile metals experience observable plastic overrefinement prior to fracture. Brittle metals experience little or no plastic deformation prior to fracture. At times metals behave in a transitional manner partiall y ductile/brittle. Ductile fracture is characterized by tearing of metal and significant plastic deformation. The ductile fracture may have a gray, fibrous appearance. Ductile fractures are associated with overload of the structure or large discontinuities. proud Temperature FailuresIn physics theory, when a materials is being warm, they will expand than original size. We know about boilers, gas turbine engines, and ovens are some of the systems that have components that experience creep. An taking into custody of high temperature materials behavior is beneficialFailures involving creep are usually easy to identify due to the deformation that occurs. Failures may appear ductile or brittle. while creep testing is done at constant temperature and constant load actual components may experience damage at various temperatures and loading conditions. in evaluating failures in these types of systems. High temperature progressive deformation of a material at constant stress is called cree p. High temperature is a relative term that is dependent on the materials being evaluated.Liquid Metal and Hydrogen embitterment FailuresLiquid metal embitterment is the descend in ductility of a metal caused by contact with liquid metal. The decrease in ductility can result in catastrophic brittle failure of a normally ductile material. Very small amounts of liquid metal are sufficient to result in embitterment.The liquid metal can not only reduce the ductility but significantly reduce plastic strength. Liquid metal embitterment is an insidious type of failure as it can occur at loads below yield stress. Thus, catastrophic failure can occur without significant deformation or obvious deterioration of the component.Hydrogen embitterment failures are frequently unexpected and sometimes catastrophic. An externally applied load is not required as the tensile stresses may be due to residual stresses in the material. The threshold stresses to cause cracking are commonly below the yield stress of the material.Very small amounts of atomic number 1 can cause hydrogen embitterment in high strength steels. Common causes of hydrogen embitterment are pickling, electroplating and welding, however hydrogen embitterment is not limited to these processes.There are causes of materials failure, but not disease that not have medicine. Every materials that we use have a protection, protection buzz off from our knowledge about characteristic of materials as chemical composition, using guide or calculation and appointment the materials for our structure.Addition, many factory, metal producing majority, also publish cite of their product that have content about characteristic ( strength, elasticity, endure and treatment).BibliographyOmens, J. H., MacKenna, D. A., and McCulloch, A. D. Measurement of Strain and Analysis of Stress in Resting Rat Left Ventricular Myocardium. J. Biomech Press,1993.TCR plan Services Technical Team. White Paper Investigating Material and Component Fa ilure. TCR Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. India, 2004.Haut Donahue, T. L., Gregersen, C., Hull, M. L., and Howell, S. M. Comparison of Viscoelastic, Structural, and Material Properties. ASME, 1994.

Emperial Rome vs Han Essay Example for Free

Emperial capital of Italy vs Han EssayThe Classical Period was a time where large, land-based imperiums were developed. The leaders of these empires were met with many questions on how to control their territories. While twain the Han empire and imperial beard capital of Italy exercised governmental control over their empires through government anatomical structure, they differed in their organization of bureaucrats and their reliance on slavery. Both the Han and purplish capital of Italy exercised political control through similar government structure. The Han emperor, who was believed to be the Mandate of Heaven, had absolute power over all of his people. They relied heavily on their trained bureaucrats, the Shi, to be given out lawful duties. This reliance was supported by Confucian ways and stabilized the empire. Imperial capital of Italy also practiced having a singular convention to control the whole. The Roman emperor also was believed to have power over the citizen s of Rome. The Romans also had their own class of bureaucrats who were valued highly. This social stratification unified Rome as a country. Both Han and Imperial Rome relied on social hierarchy to help with exercising political control over their empires.They practiced this structure because it unified power in the state and littleened the amount of chaos. The Han relied on their bureaucratic class of trained officials to exercise political control whereas in Rome bureaucracy was given as a re struggled to returned war heroes. The Hans bureaucrats, the Shi, were trained in the Confucian ways. This made the officials more reliable and prone to do the right thing. The Shi were also taught to embody the law and enforce it in the state. This method of lead by example helped citizens strive to do their best.If the citizens were all hoping to be a better man, the society as a whole would be a better place. The Hans bureaucrats were ran more on a basis of trust in their behavior than the Romans. This method of trust in the bureaucrats was heavily supported by the Confucian teachings and their training in becoming better men. In Imperial Rome, bureaucracy was given to returned warriors. Rome hoped that by rewarding good soldiers there would be more desire to go fight in a war and succeed.These bureaucrats enforced the laws rather than embodying them. They werent reliable, but were forceful enough to get the job done by using fear to make the citizens behave and do as the laws said. The bureaucracy was given to the returned war heroes as a reward for their accomplishments in battles. This gave soldiers more desire to fight and do well in wars so that when they returned they would be honored for their accomplishments. The Han relied more on trust to carry out their political control than Imperial Rome did.The Hans trained their bureaucrats to make them more original and faithful to their ruler. However, Rome used their successful soldiers because they fought in many w ars they needed motivation for their soldiers to go be successful and to fight bravely and honorably. While both civilizations had slaves, Han chinaware didnt rely greatly on their slaves however in Imperial Rome slaves were a critical and indispensable part of the society. In Chinese societies slaves were used for the most part for at home chores such as cooking, cleaning, or going shopping.Even without slaves performing these domestic tasks, the Han couldve survived. Also, slaves in China were treated less harshly than those in Rome. The slaves in China were allowed to refuse certain tasks that were not included in their contract when they first signed to their owner without fearing a ascetical beating. Lastly, China had an overall more lenient view on their slaves. The owners in Han were not as strict or cruel. However in Imperial Rome, slaves were mostly captured war prisoners who were being punished.This led to harsh punishment of the slaves to make sure they behaved and did as told. Slaves began doing a majority of the physical labor in Imperial Rome which made them an asset to the Roman society. If Rome were to lose their slaves, the economy would crumble and the empire would fall. Finally, some Roman slaves were given high titles, such as lawyers or doctors. So to lose these slaves would be to lost tons of profit. Both societies used slaves, but Imperial Rome was much more reliant on their slaves than Han China was.The Hans didnt rely on slaves much because they knew that they werent reliable and if they kept a strong hold on them they would rebel and cause the fall of the empire. However, Rome used the method of scaring their slaves into doing the right thing. If the slaves feared a brutal beating they would be sure to make the right decisions and follow directions. In both Han China and Imperial Rome government structure was used to help exercise political control, however they differed on their organization of bureaucracy and their reliance on sl avery.

Family Structure Policy

Family Structure PolicyHOW CHANGES IN THE FAMILY STRUCTURE HAVE AFFECTED POLICY IN THE UNITED KINGDOMINTRODUCTIONAn knowledgeableness to social politySocial policy refers to the study of social welf atomic number 18 and how it re ripes to politics and the society.The United Kingdom is a unitary state where the central disposal controls all in all the activities of government. Demographic changes in the society have strong implications on government policy as far as sound decision-making is concerned. These changes come in jump of break rates, decline in marriage as the fundamental institution of society, rise in cohabitation and many others. Irwin, S. (1999)In each administrative parting we have a secretary of state and administrative departments situated in the central government with respective assemblies and executive.Laws in these administrative lands differ from one region to another. For example laws which apply in England and Wales tend to differ from those in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Social assistants in the UK be under the health board completely changes do occur frequently.The main government departments dealing with social policy in the UK are as follows.Central governmentThe central government is in charge of National organisations and Local government Parliament is prudent for Primary legislation, Local authorities and London boroughsCabinet Office undertakes reforms in the Public service The Treasury in charge of economy policy of the government and financingDepartment of Health provides healthcare, social services and community care.Department for Work and Pensions Is responsible for national insurance, social assistance and creation of employment.Department for Communities and Local Government is in charge of Local government Urban policy Housing and environmental health Ministry of Justice Law and orderDepartment for Children, Schools and Families -manage Schools Education welfare Learning disability (5-18) childrens servi cesThe administration of welfare in the UKThe administration musical arrangement in the UK has undergone major reforms with the first phase covering the 1960s and 1970s where by planning and control of public expenditure was shifted to treasury.The second phase betwixt 1980s and 1990s saw the restructuring of the civil service and the administration of welfare.The British social policy was dominated by poor laws way back from 1598 to 1948 for exemplar the Elizabethan poor law of 1601 provided for a compulsory poor rate, creation of overseers of relief and setting the poor on work.FAMILY STRUCTUREAccording to explore in that location has been notable decrease in the percentage of people living in households comprising the traditional family unit. Around 2001 Chinese and Asian communities had families with greater proportion of marital couples while on the other hand other ethnical groups like the black, white Caribbean had the greater proportion of cohabiting couples.In the year 2004 according to statistics eight turn out of 10 people in the UK lived in a family household but however the same statistics indicate the there is a decline in this form of structure because for past 40 years there has been an increase in the number of people living alone. This trend has been accelerated by high divorce and cohabitation rates. Increase in the number of breakouts and the number of births occurring outside marriage has had a hand in this trend.Since 1972 the proportion of children living in larger families has declined Different ethnic groups differ in terms of size of household for instance Asian households tend to be bigger that other ethnic groups and can comprise of correct three generations.About 12% of births in the UK in the year 1980 were outside marriage.By the year 2000 the figures had increased to about 41% making UK the leading commonwealth with such births in the EU. Most of these births are as a result of cohabitation.About household chores, women spend about four hours in activities such as washing, cooking, and ironing. This is about one and a half hours more than that of men.CHANGES IN THE FAMILY STRUCTUREChanges if family structure comes about in terms of composition and size of households. For instance there is change from 2 parent families to single parenthood. Maternal employment is also intelligible in the UK whereby mothers go out to look for paid employment. Other changes are in form ofChanges in employment and household resourcingIn the UK for the past decades there have been trends in polarisation especially for women at individual take and at the level of household. There has been a notable alteration of gender in relation to information, employment and household resourcing.Growth in participation of post-compulsory education has also been witnessed for the past few decades party associated with employment opportunity structure family relations of partial dependence and obligations.Some of the factors contribu ting towards income inequalities includeThe rising disturbance between the highly paid and the lowly paid with increasing premiums for skills and qualifications.The numbers of workless households increase faster than the overall official unemployment rates.Marriage cohabitation and divorceA lulu decline in marriage has been noted since early 1970s in the UK.Postponement of marriage has been observed in some household and it is mainly contributed to by cohabitation. go along emersion has had an impact on peoples perception concerning morality and living arrangements. Within cohabiting unions child bearing has become very common. The UK has the highest divorce rates in the entire European union .Marital ties are increasingly being based on emotions and romantic love rather than material necessity.Living apart together -this is a term used to refer to people having a partner in what is understood to be a sexual relationship. It is similar to co-residential cohabitation or living t ogether because the two parties regard themselves as a couple (Murphy and Wang 1999).Lone parenthoodSociologists have continued to regard lone parenthood as an indicator of family change. By 1991 around 20% of all families with dependent children were headed by a lone parent. This growth was due to increase in divorce rates, single parents and never hook up with parent. ( McKay and Marsh 1994).FertilityIn the UK there was marked rise in fertility during the post war period then a decline in fertility. Two major components of the rise in fertility are the change in family size and the period for parenthood. Most women born in Britain in the late 1940s have remained childess.This trend has been cited by sociologists as important. (ONS 1997 and Irwin 1999).EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN THE FAMILY STRUCTURE ON SOCIAL POLICYKey in the implications of these changes in the family is the blowup of the non-marital child bearing.Changing of family structures has led to legislations by the governmen t for instance the family law in Scotland.Poverty and disadvantage have serious implications on the social policy that seeks to create a level playing field in the nation and especially for the children Boheim, R. and Ermisch, J. (1998). Child destitution is firmly on the order of business of many European countries. It entails strategies which aim at increasing the income for low income earners with children. This is by promoting policies which will increase employment for poor families. Hall, R., Ogden, P.E. and Hill, C. (1999) A successful strategy should seek a equilibrate approach whereby improved benefits and improved incentives.For many years the rights of a child have been on top of the agenda for EU recently measures have been perplex in place to establish a comprehensive strategy to promote and effectively implement the rights in both internal and external policies.Women with high qualifications are likely to enter into partnership at later years than those at low leve ls of education or the non- educated. Also those women who are less educated are likely to have high divorce rates than those with high education.Working mothers have an impact on the Childs well- being. It brings additional income and lifts many families out of poverty. Those who grow up poor early are likely to leave home early and are likely to be less educated.Despite widespread economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, in the UK the child remains the most vulnerable population. This because they are at high risk of living in poverty with the changing structure and composition of the family. Children are missing out on the on political and economic agenda. Participatory approaches should therefore be initiated involvement of all stakeholders including particularly the children and young people. The perspectives of children from single parenthood should be included in policy formulation and implementation so as to combat poverty.CONCLUSIONIn the UK today households are m ade in many different ways and people have a variety of patterns of working.The current patterns and trends in familial lifestyles are key determinants of the level of developments in employment and patterns of inequality. Changes in composition of households are key demographic indicators of changing living standards and lifestyles.These changes remain top on the agenda for the government so as to institute measures aimed at reducing poverty levels for instance the government has put children at its centre of its social policy agenda. This is evident by increasing the levels of in-work support for low -income parents and initiating programmes to support parents from disadvantaged areas.REFERENCESwww2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/uk.htmDownloaded 28/04/2008www.agf.org.uk/pubs/pdfs/1383Ageingweb.pdf Downloaded 28/04/2008www.leeds.ac.uk/CAVA/papers/wsp7b.pdf Downloaded 29/04/2008www.deafnessatbirth.org.uk/content2/support/diversity/03/index.html Downloaded29/04/2008Cooper, W. ( 1999) LFS Household data Spring 1998 Analyses Labour Market Trends (January)31-40.Hutton, S. (1994) Mens and womens incomes evidence from survey data Journal of SocialPolicy 23 (1) 21-40.

The Concept Of Marriage In Sikhism Religion Essay

The Concept Of espousals In Sikhism Religion EssaySikh is a Punjabi word that means in the Punjabi language is disciple. concord to an another(prenominal) school of thought, the word Sikh derives from Seekh which means learner. Sikhs are the disciples of God who follow the literary works and teachings of the Ten Sikh Gurus. The wisdom of these teachings in Sri Guru Granth Sahib is practical and universal in their appeal to all mankind.A Sikh is each person whose faith consists of spirit in One God, the ten Sikh Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib and other scriptures and teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Meanwhile, he or she must believe in the necessity and importance of Amrit, the Sikh baptism.According to Sikh code of channelize Rahit Maryd A Sikh is any person whose faith consists of belief in unrivalled God, the ten Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib and other scriptures of the Sikh religion. Additionally he or she must believe in the necessity and importance of amrit (the Sikh baptism c eremonial.)1The religion was founded by Guru Nanak who was born in 1469 and began in the Punjab, the upper part of the Indus Valley at the beginning of the 16th Century CE. When India and Pakistan became independent, this region which is the historic homeland of the Sikhs has been divided in both. Lahore, the ancient capital of the Sikhs, is at once in Pakistan, while Amritsar, the site of the most famous and measurable Sikh holy building the Harimandir (G octogenarianen Temple), is in India.By the time, the last of the ten living gurus (Gobind Singh) died in 1708, Sikhism had developed a distinct and separate identity, as the succession of nine gurus who followed Guru Nanak each made contri exclusivelyions to and refined the tradition. The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, decreed that his successor should be Siri Guru Granth Sahib ji, the order of battle of holy writings of the Sikhs.The Akali and Singh Saba movement propagated the Sikh beliefs and rituals. These movements fold al l Hindu custom from Sikh community. They realized the problem and significance of Sikh Identity. These movements make touristy Anand Marriage Lords Supper.2MarriageMarriage is named differently in different cultures and at different places. It is called wedding, Shadi, Viyah or Nikah. This ceremony is called Anand Karaj in Sikhism.Marriage is the voluntary union for emotional state of iodine man and sensation woman, to the exclusion of all othersIn other words married couple is an act of taking girl as wife by her keep up from the house of her father-mother. Marriage is the central, cardinal institution of natural society.3Further, the basic unit of society is the family, not the individual, it starts the reproductive cycle of human career. Marriage is an institution in which a mating gets fond approval and the pairing of men and women are regulated. All known societies today, have the custom of marriage. Marriage is an essential ingredient of any society, and it is just l ike as religion in the society.Marriage and the family changes from place to place, religion to religion, caste to caste, tribe to tribe and moreover from time to time. So it is rightfully a hard task to find out a universal definition of marriage. Some of the definitions of marriage focus upon legal aspects of marriage, while others center upon the accessible aspects of marriage but in almost all definitions of marriage the stress is upon the union of male and female. The marriage ceremony is a special step for couples which inquire serious thought in any society. During the wedding ceremony, the bride and groom make a public commitment to honor and support each other in their lives together as wife and husband.4Marriage institution is the most oldest and natural institution. During the last few thousand years of our cultural score, marriage and extended family has been the tush of our social structure.According to Lal Singh, Marriage is an oath taking ceremony of two spirits desirous of physical, intellectual and spiritual union.5According to Promila Kapur, Marriage is a Sanskara and as such it is a sacrament and a spiritual stick with which cannot be broken under any circumstances. Ideally, it aims not only at the individuals biological, emotional, social and spiritual fulfillments and study by means of union with a person of the opposite sex, but also at the development, fulfillment and welfare of the family, and through it of the society and mankind.6In general terms, marriage is described as the union of a man and a woman to live together as husband and wife according to the standard organize out in the Holy Scriptures, which is socially permitted, legally agree and religiously allowed.Marriage as more of a religious ritual than a social in east or legal affair like that in west and is considered a sacred institution in most cultures and religious traditions. Marriage is a spiritual identity, not just a love affair between two populate.Marri age in Sikhism is regarded as a sacred bond of mutual assistance in attaining the heights of worldly life and spiritual bliss. It is a unity of mind and soul. It is a means to attain spirituality and not an end in itself. The real goal of marriage in Sikhism is union of both souls with Almighty Lord.7Marriage in Sikhism and its DevelopmentsThe Sikh Gurus had a in truth game regard for the state of marriage, and they themselves entered into matrimony. They insisted that marriage is not merely a civil or social contract, but that its highest and most ideal purpose is to fuse two souls into one so that they may become spiritually inseparable.The concept of Sikh Marriage is explained by Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of the Sikhs that marriage is an attempt of uniting the individual soul to the Universal Soul.They are not to be called husband and wife who only sit together rather they are husband and wife who have one spirit in two bodies8The Sikh Marriage ceremony is called Anand Kira j literally (anand means bliss and Kiraj means occasion or ceremony) Blissful Occasion. The anand marriage ceremony was initiated by the third Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Ram Das. Varias Guru Bilas and most of the history do not properly dilate on the subject of Sikh marriage in old times. Various Guru Bilas are in poetry and in language that is not quite easy to be followed by everyone.The first serious attempt at the revival of the Anand marriage ceremony was made during the time of Ranjit Singh by Baba Dyal, founder of the Nirankari movement.The second attempt was made by the Namdhari Guru Baba Ram Singh who also adopted the Anand ceremony, but with a major difference.The third and the most important attempt at the widespread propagation of the Anand form of marriage were made by the Singh Sabha movement. The marriage ceremony as propagated by the Singh Sabha resembled the Nirankari rather than the Namdhari version of the Anand marriage.Sikh Marriage riteIn Anand Karaj, four lavan ( name of Hymns) are recited from Guru Granth Sahib (the Sikh Holy Book), and with each Lavn, the boy followed by the girl, circumambulate (goes around) Guru Granth Sahib.The Anand Kirraj Ceremony can be conducted in boy home or in Gurdwarain the presence of Sri Guru Gant Sahib. The couple to be married ordain be sitting in front of Guru Gant Sahib on flour and the family and friends will set down. Customly Asa the var is recited and then the welcoming hymns is recited. The Granti make it sure that the couple have agreed to the marriage require them and their parents stand up. The rest of congregation remains seated.Then the advice or instruction is given by the Granthi. Usually it is the summary of the Sikh ism of marriage and married life. He asks the couple to aspire for a truly religious life devoted to God and to get initiated into the order of the Khalsa. Through the sugariness of their manners and behavior they should ingratiate with their in-laws. Loyalty and fidelity to ea ch other are the highest virtues. Adultery is strictly forbidden. Here the Granthi recites hymns of Guru Gobind Singhs and Guru Amar Das and Guru and even Baba Fareed Shalok.The bride and groom yield to Siri Guru Granth Sahib in acceptance of the instructions.Then the marriage Lavan reads the Granthi which are composed by Guru Amar Das, the forth Sikh Guru. The four lavans are reading and with each lavan the couple is rotating the Siri Guru Granth Sahiband at the end of rotation to the Siri Guru Granth in acceptance. The four lavan and rotation is basically the four promises.In last everybody (congregation) will stand up and the Granthi will read the net prayer. After this the Granthi reads the Ardas which summary is that the God is unique..Also Karah Parsad is distributed to congregation. Usually it is first offer to the couple and then to others people of congregation.9Sikh Marriage ActIn 1908 A.D Tikka Ripudaman Singh was member of violet Legislative Council who sent the bill to the Imperial Legislative Council. After Tikka Singh, S.Sunder Singh Mahajitha became the member of the Council. On August 27, 1909 A.D S Sunder Singh presented the Anand Kirraj aviator to the Councile. He told to the council that Ananad marriages were already practiced by Sikh community since last 30 years. The Bill was sent to Select Committee, and its members were Mr. Sinha, Sir Herbert Rezli, and S. Sunder Singh Majithia. On September 10, 1909, the Select Committee placed the Bill before Council with its recommendation. Meeting of the Council was held on October 22, 1909, and Anand Marriage Act 1909 was passed.10But it is strange that in India today magistrates have sex the marriage-certificates on the forms of Hindu Marriage Act.A new(a) Sikh from Patiala Banta Singh said in his statement, it was like giving a Hindu in Pakistan a Muslim marriage Certificate. The Hindu polytheistic and Muslim or Sikh Monotheistic civilizations simply do not add up. It was therefore obnoxio us and sinister of the Indian government to replace an enactment with one that insulted its important minority by way of statutory manipulation.11Sikh Marriage Act (Anand Kirraj) was submitted by The World Muslim Sikh Federation to government of Pakistan in 2007 A.D. The administration of Pakistan has accepted demands from Sikh community to registered their marriages under the Anand Karaj ceremony and introduced Anand Marriage Act in line with the Anand Marriage Act 1909 that was passed by the British in the subcontinent one hundred years ago. The 1909 Act extended to British India (Indian Sub Continent) now India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.12The Sikh Marriage Act does not explain the Sikh Marriage Ceremony (Anand Kirrraj) but just explain that the marriage ceremony conducted under Sikh religion and sacrosanct among the Sikhs called Anand Kirraj is valid and the Government of Pakistan, through the Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee shall issue appropriate marriage certifica tes under the Sikh Anand Marriage Act.Statement of the ProblemMost of the articles on Sikh Rituals are non Scholar writings. There are a very little scholarly writings on Sikh marriage ceremony especially in Peshawar. But I have tried my best(p) to get the academic rule halts, journals, articles and some reports on the issue that I am going to address.Sikhism has often been described by scholars as a way of life and is the worlds fifth-largest and youngest organized religion. There is a dearth of writings on Sikh rituals and customs. So, it can be best understood by studying the life of the people professing it.Sikhism is close to Islam in some very basic beliefs and there is currently a hire for more comprehensive study on rituals (as Marriage) practices by Sikh community.Marriage is the most celebrated life event but different religious communities use distinct symbolic tools to legitimate the institution of marriage.It is practical to urge that living in same city but with different religious practices distinct the social practices.Research QuestionsWhat is the impact of local culture of Peshawar in the performance of Sikh Marriage ceremony?What is the relation between marriage and religion and what is the position of Sikhism in this context?Is there currently a need for more comprehensive study on Marriage practices by Sikh community in Peshawar?How far is the practices of modern issues (such as monogamy, polygamy, hypergamy, exogamy, endogamy, abortion and divorce) in Sikhism and what are its boundaries in the religion?Literature ReviewThis is a religious study of one religion of the world. Unfortunately Sikhism has been ignored in the study of religion. There is very little scholarly literature available in Sikh rituals (especially like marriage ceremony). But no interrogation has been conducted on the topic.There is a book Ethical issues in six religious traditions, Edited by Peggy Morgan and Clive Lawton which discusses ethical issues in Sikhism but it is not a comprehensive study just discusses the one aspect of rituals in Sikhism.The books are available on Indian culture and tradition which also provide some writings approximately Sikh religious ceremonies. Like Sources of Indian Tradition Compiled by W. M. Theodore de Bary, Stephen N. Hay, Royal Weiler, Andrew Yarrow . This book describes the civilizations of India and provides an understanding of the intellectual and spiritual traditions which are remain alive in India today. approximately attention is given to religious and philosophical developments in earlier times which still form part of the Indian heritage and have experienced a considerable revival in the nineteenth and twentieth century. On the other hand, attention is also given to political, economic, and social trends.Another vocal and brief book is written on Sikh village of India Information and Behavior in a Sikh Village Social Organization Reconsidered by Murray J. Leaf. This is a social analysis of a village the Sikh religion in Indian Punjab. Like most anthropological village studies and this study makes upon the attention of social scientists is base not so much on the content of theory, method, or fact alone but rather on a broader and more general servant of the pattern of relationships among them. This describes the society or culture in general.Understanding Faith series book by Professor Frank Whaling that deals in various customs in Sikhism. Its another part Understanding Sikhism by W. Owe. Cole that describe shortly the importance of family in Sikhism and tells about the essentials of Sikh marriage ceremony.The Anand ceremony was started by The Third Guru, Guru Ram Das and composed by the fourth Guru, Guru Amar Das. There are so many books on Teachings of tenth Guru of Sikhism which of course will help me on writing on Anand Kirraj.The Sikh code of conduct that is Rehat Meryada is published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC). It is accepted as an a uthoritative statement of Sikh conduct and is used by Sikhs as the standard guide also discusses the essentials and features of Anand Kirraj.The International Bibliography of Sikh Studies brings together all books, composite works, journal articles, conference proceedings, theses, dissertations, project reports, and electronic resources produced in the field of Sikh Studies until June 2004, making it the most complete and up-to-date reference work in the field today.There is feminist article about Sikh rituals which tried to feminize the Sikh funeral and marriage rituals Why Did I Not Light the Fire? The Refeminization of Ritual in Sikhism by Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh.Encyclopedia of Sikh religion has also briefly introduces of the Anand Marriage ceremony.The article was published after two years of passing Sikh marriage Act in 1911 in Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation British India by Courtenay Ilbert which evaluates the acts of the Indian sub continent of period Br itish rule. This will help me to know the history of Sikh marriage Act 1909.Jeevan Deol wrote on The minas and their literature, that is published by American Oriental Society which discuss the validity of marriage between Mians and Khalisa sect of Sikhism.Objectives of the canvassMain purpose of my research is to have a better understanding of different religious communities of Pakistan and their rituals especially. For this purpose I have selected the Sikh religion and particularly the marriage ceremony in Sikhism in the Sikh community of Peshawar.My research will also bring a useful case study for the students of relative religion as well as social groups who are eager to learn about this traditions, culture, rituals and such other legal bindings. . It will clarify the Sikh traditions attitude to the marriage institute (practices)MethodologyThis research will be conducted drawing from both qualitative and quantitative methods. Firstly library research through content analysis a nd document analysis on Marriage in Sikhism will be considered, upon which background to the thesis will be laid. This will in essence not exclude the recently published materials (journal articles and newspapers) that critically analyze the Sikh Marriage System in the Sikh Community of Peshawar.The research will also be consisted upon direct surveys in the Sikh community of Peshawar and in its surroundings which will be very useful to understand the problem. Similarly the various surveys conducted in the topic will also be under consideration.ChapterizationChapter OneThis chapter will take into account the background of the studies, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, research methodology, research questions, and review of the literature.Chapter TwoIn this chapter I will briefly highlight the introduction of Sikhism, its historical background and its customs, traditions (as Polygamy, Endogamy, Hypergamy, Dowry, Divorce and Abortion) and part icularly some rituals and its developments as Anand Kirraj.Chapter ThreeThis chapter will examine the marriage in Sikh community (Anand Kirraj) of Peshawar and the Marriage Act of 1909 of Indian Sub-continent (Pakistan).Chapter FourData Analysis and Conclusion

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics Essay

The Ideology Of The Ruling company Politics Es supposeIndia with a population of around a billion and an electorate of everywhere 700 million is the worlds Brobdingnagianst majority rule and, for every last(predicate) its faults and flaws, this democratic system stands in marked counterpoint to the democratic failures of Pakistan and Bangladesh which were develop of India until 1947.Unlike the American political system and the British political system which essentially rush existed in their current form for centuries, the Indian political system is a much much recent cause dating from Indias independence from Britain in 1947. The current constitution came into force on 26 November 1950 and advocates the trinity of justice, liberty and equality for all citizens.In stark contrast with the current constitution of Japan which has remained unchanged, the constitution of India has been sensation of the most amended issue documents in the world with to a greater extent than th an 80 changes. more of these amendments have resulted from a long-running dispute involving the Parliament and the Supreme Court over the rights of parliamentary sovereignty as they clash with those of judicial review of laws and constitutional amendments.Indias dismount house, the Lok Sabha, is modelled on the British signboard of Commons, but its federal system of government borrows from the experience of the coupled States, assada and Australia.THE EXECUTIVE BRANCHThe head of accede in India is the President. This is normally a formal role, originally modelled on the British monarch to advise, encourage and warn the elected government on constitutional matters. The President can return a parliamentary Bill once for reconsideration and, in cadences of crisis such as a hung Parliament, the role is pivotal. The President can decl be a state of catch which enables the Lok Sabha to extend its emotional state sentence beyond the normal pentad-year marches.As members of an electoral college, around 4,500 members of the national parliament and state legislators be eligible to vote in the preference of the President. The Indian Presidency has recently attracted special attention because for the first time a woman flat occupies the role Pratibha Patil who was formerly governor of the northern Indian state of Rajasthan.There is as well as the post of Vice-President who is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament. The Vice-President chairs the the upper house called the Rajya Sabh.The head of the government is the ready Minister who is appointive by the President on the nomination of the majority society in the lower house or Lok Sabha. Currently the Prime Minister is Manmohan Singh of the ruling United Progressive Alliance.Key features of the Prime Minister (head of government)Commander in Chief of the military and acts as ultimate military authority.Through the cabinet proposes the bulk of principle to the House of the PeopleActs as the head of the Majority party in the House of the people and is installed.No term limit and can be withdraw through a vote of no confidence.Key Features of the President (head of state) spot featureselected to 5 year terms.Ceremonially appoints the Prime MinisterAppoints the Cabinet MinistersCan dissolve the Lok Sabha after the Prime minister loses a vote of no confidence.Can declare national state of emergency or Presidential govern of a state.Ministers are then appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and these ministers collectively comprise the Council of Ministers.THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHThe lower house in the Indian political system is the Lok Sabha or House of the People. As set kayoed in the Constitution, the maximum size of the Lok Sabha is 552 members, made up of up to 530 members representing people from the states of India, up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two members to represent the Anglo-Indian comm agreement if it does not have adequate representation in the house according to the President.Currently the size of the house is 545 made up of 530 elected from the states, 13 elected from the territories, and two nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. By furthermost the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 80 members. At the other end of the scale, three states have merely whiz representative each. There are certain constituencies where only candidates from scheduled casts and scheduled tribes are allowed to stand.Each member except the two nominated ones represents a geographical single(a)-member constituency as in the British model for the House of Commons.Each Lok Sabha is formed for a pentad year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a Proclamation of Emergency which may extend the term in one year increments. This has happened on three occasions 1962-1968, 1971 and 1975-1977.Elec tions are a immense and mixed affair which nationwide are held in five seperate rounds taking a total of 28 days.Link Lok SabhaThe upper house in the Indian political system is the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. As set out in the Constitution, the Rajya Sabhahas has up to 250 members. 12 of these members are chosen by the President for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the house currently comprising 238 members is elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the units population. Again, of course, the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 31 members. The method of election in the local anaesthetic legislatures is the single transferable vote.Terms of office are for six years, with one third of the members facing re-election every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous session and, unlike the Lok Sabh a, it is not subject to dissolution.Link Rajya SabhaThe two houses share legislative powers, except in the area of supply (money) where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the field of study of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held. If there is a conflict which cannot be resolved even by the joint perpetration of the two houses, it is solved in the joint session of the Parliament, where the will of the Lok Sabha almost always prevails, since the Lok Sabha is more than twice as large as the Rajya Sabha.POLITICAL PARTIESIn India, political parties are either a National Party of a State Party. To be considered a National Party, a political party has to be recognised in four or more states and to be either the ruling party or in the aspiration in those states.Ever since its make-up in 1885, the Indian National recounting (INC) and its successor has been the dominant political party in India. For its first six decennarys, its focus was on campaign ing for Indian independence from Britain. Since independence in 1947, it has sought to be the governing party of the nation with repeated success.As a result, for most of its democratic history, the Lok Sabha has been dominated by the Indian coition Party which has been in power for a great deal of the time. However, since the Congress Party lost power in 1989, no single party has been able to secure an overal majority in the Lok Sabha, making compressions inevitable. Also, unlike Japan where the Liberal Democrat Party has been in power almost continuously, Congress has had (usually short) periods out of power, between 1977-1980, 1989-1991 and 1996-2004.The original Congress Party espoused moderate socialism and a planned, mixed economy. However, its spin-off and successor, Congress (I) I in honour of Indira Gandhi now supports deregulation, privatisation and foreign investment.While the Congress Party has historically dominated Indian politics, the leadership of the Congress Pa rty in turn has been dominated by one family Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister, served for 17 years his daughter Indira Gandhi later became Prime Minister his grandson Rajiv Gandhi was also Prime Minister currently the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the Italian-born Sonia Gandhi holds the position as Congress President although she has refused to accept the post of Prime Minister and her son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament, while her daughter Priyanka Gandhi is an active political campaigner.The Indian Congress Party is the leading party in the Centre-Left political coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) which embraces a total of 16 parties.The other major, but more recently-established, political party in India is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Created in 1980, it represents itself as a champion of the socio-religious cultural values of the countrys Hindu majority and advocates conservative social policies and inexpugnable national defence. The BJP, i n alliance with several other parties, led the government between 1998-2004.The Bharatiya Janata Party is the leading party in the Right-wing political coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). When it was originally founded in 1998, there were 13 parties in the coalition but currently there are eight.A leash Front is a grouping centred on the Communists.THE JUDICIAL BRANCHThe Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in civil, criminal and constitutional cases. The court consists of up to 26 judges, including the Chief Justice of India, all of whom are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. They serve until the age of 65.THE STATESIndia is a huge country both demographically and geographically and consequently it operates a federal system of government. Below the national level, there are 28 States and seven near Union Territories.The largest of Indias states is Uttar Pradesh (UP) in the north of the country. With over 175 mil lion inhabitants, UP is the most populous state in India and is also the most populous country subdivision in the world. On its own, if it was an independent nation, this state would be the worlds sixth biggest country. Only China, India itself, the United States, Indonesia and Brazil have a higher population.In Indian general elections, it fills more than one-seventh of the seats in Indias Parliament and, such is the states caste-based and sometimes violent politics that, currently a quarter of UPs MPs face criminal charges. everywhere the years, India has evolved from a highly centralised state dominated by one political party to an increasingly fragmented nation, more and more influenced by regional parties and more and more governed locally by unstable multi-party alliances. In the General Election of 2009, Congress and the BJP faced each other in only seven of the 28 States elsewhere, one of the two national parties faced a regional party.CONCLUSIONPolitics in India is much rou gher and much more corrupt that in the democracies of Europe and North America. Political assassination is not uncommon the revered Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984, and the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 were all killed by assassins. Communal, caste and regional tensions continue to haunt Indian politics, sometimes threatening its long-standing democratic and secular ethos.Recent years have seen the emergence of so-called RTI activists tens of thousands of citizens, frequently poor, sometimes almost illiterate, frequently highly motivated who use the Right To Information legislation of 2005 to promote transparency and attack corruption in public institutions. In the first five years of the legislation, over a million RTI requests were filed and so threatening to authority have some of the RTI activists become that a number of have been murdered.(B) The political orientation of the ruling partyPolitical parties in India love to talk most id eology. Each political party is supposed to have an ideology. So even if a political party does not have any ideology, it will never say so. If you were to ask probing questions about a partys ideology to a staunch loyalist of the party, you would either be bombarded with a short, nebulous and high-sounding label or be told that the ideology is too complex for anyone to understand so quickly and one would need to spend a hardly a(prenominal) years in the party to really understand the ideology of the party.The puzzlement of ideology goes back in Indian history to Gandhi. From around 1920 to 1947, Gandhi govern over Indian political scene through the ideological direction that he provided to Congress. Gandhian ideology was supposed to be very simple, based as it was on just two simple principles of truth and non-violence. Yet, it was not so simple. Nobody, during Gandhis time (and even after his death), could claim to have understood Gandhian ideology completely. Followers of Gandh i would claim their degree of understanding of the ideology based on the years they had spent with Gandhi. Ideology of Gandhi consisted of all that he spoke over the years. If there was an internal inconsistency or contradiction in his utterances or actions, it was not for a Gandhian to question it. All that an ordinary mortal could do was to just look with reverence at all that Gandhi did. If Gandhi deviated from what he had said in the past, it was hailed as development of Gandhian thought and was acclaimed as an experiment with truth. On the other hand, if anyone else moved a step beyond literal words of Gandhi, it was condemned.Gandhi was surely a great leader. But his ideology did not live past him. Even his brightest follower, whom he liked most, did not follow his ideology. Nehrus dreams of modern India had nothing Gandhian about them. As long as Gandhi lived, for Congressmen, sole source of ideology was Gandhi. After Gandhis death this position passed on to Nehru. After Nehr u, there was a brief intermezzo when Lal Bahadur Shastri in his position as the sole fountainhead of Congress ideology proclaimed Jai Jawan, Jai Kissan. Soon after the interlude, Indira Gandhi stepped in. Her vision of socialism was a departure from Gandhi, Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri. such(prenominal) departures did not bother Congressmen who, by that time, k impudently only one ideology Boss is always right.Less than a decade after Indira Gandhis death, a Congress Prime Minister initiated reforms and demolished licence-permit-quota-raj built assiduously by Indira Gandhi and Nehru. The same Congressmen, who had been declaring their unflinching loyalty to Nehru-Indira ideology, now were the champions of economic reforms, liberalization and globalization. Temples of modern India, built as part of Nehrus vision, were to be sold as part of disinvestment and Congress was applauding. The irony is that the author of economic reforms has now become the prime minister of India with suppo rt of socialist and communistic parties. He continues to talk of reforms in the same breath as reservations for backward classes in private sector.Ideological contradictions have never bothered Congress. The party has evolved through contradictions and credibly that is its greatest strength. Irrespective of all that Congress leaders may shout from public platforms, the essential ideology of Congress is pragmatism. Cynics might say that pragmatism is a lofty word for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest. But that is just another way of looking at Congress, which claims to be a party that knows how to rule. It is a party that knows how to mould itself to suit the circumstances. If it sees wide support for Hindutwa, it will pop to the Hindu bandwagon. One cannot forget that Rajiv Gandhi took the lead in production of TV serials like Ramayan and Mahabharat and Sardar Patel took the initiative for reconstruction of Somnath temple. On the other hand if Muslim fundamentalism is the flavour of the month, Congress can even get parliament to pass a law that overrules a Supreme Court judgement.Being on the right side of the ideological divide, in line with changing times, is a natural authorize of the Congress. The party can be different things to different persons and no one can afford to make a categorical tilt about the ideology of Congress. As they say, it is so profound and complex that you will need to devote a aliveness to understand it and may be even then you would unsounded not have understood it. Of course, if you are fortunate enough to become President of All India Congress Committee and Prime Minister of India, every statement you make will be accorded the status of Biblical truth.There are a large number of Indian parties, which are just clones of Congress. Most of them are regional parties. They have failed to become national parties because (a) they are unable to match the brand goodwill that Congress enjoys and (b) they do not have the r esources that Congress commands. Many of them are successful in their region because their leaders are able to maintain a closer (compared to Congress and other national parties) contact with local aspirations and are able to better satisfy the collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest of the pains that is known in todays India as political workers.The importance of this breed cannot be overemphasized. Socialist thinkers (Ram Manohar Lohia and others) drew from this breed and created a sub-breed called socialists. This sub-segment is characterized by extreme individualism. For socialists, the pursuit of self-interest is hardly collective. Socialists get together and separate at such a quick pace that one loses track of who is in which party. Their individualism gets a collective tinge in the form of catering to family ties and caste interests. India is probably the only country where all socialist parties are casteist. There are also caste-based parties whose only ideological freight is catering to the interests of one or more set of castes. such(prenominal) caste-based parties also often paint themselves with socialist colours.Caste as a reality of Indian politics has not spared even the communists. Yet, it moldiness be admitted that communists remain the only group in Indian political jungle with a fairly well defined ideology. Of course, having an ideology is different from undermentioned it. Communism, as propounded by Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin or Mao Tse Tung, is a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its existence in a free democracy with mixed economy is an anachronism. For the past five decades, Indian communist parties have been trying to come to terms with existence in a democratic society. Till the collapse of Soviet Union, at least(prenominal) one of the Communist parties received indirect financial and moral support from Soviet Union. The fall of Soviet Union was a big blow for Indian communists in more ways than one. To survive, almost all communist parties have turned lobbyists for organized labour. Most public sector units and a few large private sector industries have communist trade unions. These trade unions provide the funds for running of communist parties in India. Dictatorship of the proletariat has, hence, turned into mash tactics and lobbying for more and more benefits for the pampered unproductive workers of unprofitable public sector industries. If providing these benefits makes it necessary to impose higher taxes on the proletariat, the communists do not mind it. concord to Marx, industrialization was a necessary perquisite for communism. Indian communists have, however, led to a virtual stoppage of industrialization in the two states of Kerala and West Bengal where they have ruled for a long time.The communist political worker is not much different from the general breed of self-interest driven political workers. A few years back, an erstwhile close friend moved from being a full time worker of a comm unist trade union to Bharatiya Janata Party via Hindujas (a well-known business family). He was welcomed with open arms by the top brass of BJP. Today, he is part of the topmost echelons of BJP. Most people are impress by, what they see as, his ideological somersault. The fact is that in the ideology-less world of Indian politics, there is a good demand for expert players who can play this game with poise without any pangs of conscience.Till a few years back, BJP did not recruit from the floating pool of such expert players. RSS used to provide BJP with all the hands that it needed. Even today bulk of BJPs manpower needs are met by supplies from RSS. For past seven decades or so, the organizational structure of RSS with its roots spread crossways the length and breadth of the country has been inspiring a new and different set of volunteers to step into public life. This set did not come into public life for the gains of power or for amassing wealth. Before BJPs rise to power in some states, they used to endure great hardships. The zeal and commitment of RSS workers was praised by even their adversaries and critics. RSS workers were dismissed by an ideology, often called as Hindu nationalism, that could best be described as a mix of nationalism and strong religious sentiments.RSS did not mull Hindu nationalism. The ideology is more than a century old. Towards the end of nineteenth century, Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand, workings independently, built a religious-political movement that in due course became the understructure of Indias freedom struggle. Both of them were bitterly opposed by the orthodox elements of Hinduism at that time. They espoused a version of Hinduism, which was progressive and reformist. This was unacceptable to Shankaracharyas and other authorities of Hindu community. In a way, Dayanand-Vivekanand combine represented one ideology and Shankaracharyas represented quite an opposite ideology. In the initial years, RSS re presented the former, but it never spelled its ideology in explicit terms. To an extent, RSS felt that ideological confusion would help it attract all sections of Hindu society, so all ideological debates were forbidden. Its aim to become an omnibus reduce its ideological focus. RSS chose to replace ideology with emotion. Senior leaders of RSS preached that organizations are built on the basis of bonds of centerfield and not on the basis of intellectual debate.Bonds of heart are useful for building a large voluntary organization, but they are of no use when one has to govern or take key decisions in fields of economic or strategic policy. This explains the floundering of BJP as a party of governance. RSS was built to be a fighting simple machine. The operating software of this machine does not have the capability to deliberate on profound complicated issues. Action rather than thought is the key focus of RSS as well as BJP. It is hence not surprising that RSS, as well as BJP, lac ks clarity on all ideological issues.As an example, let us take the case of Common Civil Code. For more than five decades, RSS and all its offshoots have been demanding a common civil code. In this long period it has never occurred to them to prepare a draft of the proposed common civil code. I have asked senior leaders of Sangh clan about what they want in the common civil code. Their stock reply is that as and when they are in a position to pass such legislation, they will appoint a group to prepare such a draft. In other words they acknowledge that they do not even know what should be the broad contours of the code for which they have been shouting for half a century. overlook of depth marks every single ideological plank that RSS and BJP claim as their essential identity. Of course, I have not spent a lifetime working with the Sangh clan and Sangh loyalists would be quick to shout that I lack the essential qualification to comment on their ideology. Have we heard that before? Y es, Congressmen say the same. In a way, BJP has just become a clone of Congress. What Gandhi is to Congress, Guru Golwalkar and Dr. Hedgewar are to BJP. BJP officially claims to follow the ideology of EKATM MANAVWAD (translated by them as Integrated Humanism), propounded by Deendayal Upadhyay. I have yet to meet a BJP leader who can explain the ideology in some depth. You may, of course, try to work as an apprentice with some BJP leaders and intrustfully before the end of your life you would know what integrated humanism is all about.The ideological vacuum in BJP is filled by one universal ideology Boss is always right. So, just as Congressmen look up to Sonia Gandhi as the fountainhead of ideology, BJP cadres look up to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and LK Advani. RSS, which claims to be the mother organization of BJP, has lost its moral high ground. RSS still supplies bulk of manpower for BJP. But, for a BJP leader, utterances of Atal-Advani are more important than the noises coming from RSS headquarters at Nagpur. Ideological somersaults attached by Atal-Advani have often confused laymen. Diehard BJP loyalists have, however, been quick to change tacks as and when the bosses jumped. These loyalists have risen in BJP hierarchy and live a life of luxury with all the trappings of power.As BJP leaders have got used to a life of luxury, a major change has come about. Word has done for(p) around that the right channel to get into BJP goes via RSS. As a result, the profile of volunteers entering RSS has undergone a sea change. Emotionally charged, ideologically inspired zeal and commitment are now history. Career-oriented would-be politicians with dreams of power and luxury are entering RSS en route to BJP. They ask no questions and are too willing to jump with every somersault of the leadership.The conversion of BJP into a Congress-clone or a club for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest signals a national crisis. A decade back, BJP (and Sangh clan) was seen to be the great hope for India. Today, BJP is just another party of petty politicians. India has lost all hopes from her political class, which is intellectually, morally and ideologically bankrupt.A country without hope is in a danger zone. India cannot remain in this zone for long. A new ideology and a new political party, which will be the torchbearer of the new ideology, is the need of the hour. As the new ideology and party take shape, we can either curse our luck for living in this hour of crisis of ideology or we can work for heralding the new sunrise.(C) The strength of oppositionThe opposition in a democracy plays as important a role as the government. For a strong and sensible government to work in a proper way, according to the will of the people, and equally strong and sensible opposition is a must. Such an opposition is the secret of the success of democracy in England, the oldest democracy of the word. There is mainly one strong political party is opposition. In this lies the strength of democracy in that country.On the other hand, in Indian there are a number of opposition parties constantly quarreling among themselves. This is the greatest weakness of Indian democracy. In India there is no strong, united and healthy opposition. There are various reasons for it. No industrial revolution has taken place in this country. The result is that the working class is not politically conscious and, therefore, it is disunited and weak.The opposition parties do not have any clear cut programmes and policies. Their advancement is often communal, sectary or regional. Their leaders are confused and have no idea of their aims and objectives. They quarrel for power and there are frequent splits. There are often defections on a large scale. People do not have faith in such parties, and so they fail to secure a majority in the elections. In the legislature itself, their leaders indulge in destructive criticism to gain their political ends. They keep party interest above national interest.The role of opposition in a democracy is very important. The opposition accelerates the egress of the county or retards its growth by untimely agitations. For example, the violent agitations in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great loss of life and propensity and failed entirely to gain their objectives. The organisations policy of State Trading in Food grains was wrongly criticized for political reasons. The result was that procurement targets could not be reached and wheat had to be imported to build up comfortable buffer stock. This was essential to hold the price-line. Such a destructive approach is against the national interest.The role of opposition in a democracy should be healthy. It should criticize the Government policies in the national interest and not for part gains. The opposition parties must come together and merge on the basic of similarity in their ideologies. Universal illiteracy and universal poverty, unhealthy linguist, re gionalism, racism and casteism characterize Indian life. They are all obstacles in the way of the growth of a cohesive social and political life in the country.There is a mushroom growth of political parties due to the selfishness and lack of far sightedness of their leaders. Parties can come together on the basis of common ideology. But in India the party alliances are opportunistic, the only common ground between them being their hostility to the Government. Obviously, such alliances are bound to be short lived. For example, the Janta Party was a coalition of a number of political parties. So it, could not rule the nation for any length of time. It was thrown out of power due to the inter-quarreling of the opposition parties.In a democracy the aims of the Government and the opposition should be the same- the good of the people. The opposition should criticize the government to implement its manifesto. It should criticize the government only to make it more economical and honest. Criticism should be based on sound principles. Opposition parties should keep in mind that they may be called upon by the people to form the Government by any time. They should, therefore, function in a responsible way.Prior to 1967, the opposition was divided into an array of small parties. While the Congress garnered between 45 percent and 48 percent of the vote, no opposition party gained as much as 11 percent, and during the entire period, only two parties won 10 percent. Furthermore, in each election, independent candidates won between 12 percent and 20 percent of the vote.The oppositions first significant attempt to achieve electoral unity occurred during the 1967 elections when opposition party alliances won control of their state governments in Bihar, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, and West Bengal. In Rajasthan an opposition coalition prevented the Congress from winning a majority in the state legislature and forced it to recruit independents to form a government. The Congress elec toral debacle encouraged even more dissidence within the party, and in a matter of weeks after the elections, defections brought down Congress governments in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. By July 1967, state governments of two-thirds of the country were under opposition rule. However, opposition rule in many cases was short-lived. The airstream of the 1967 elections initiated a climate of politics by defection in which the Congress, and to a lesser extent the opposition, attempted to overthrow governments by winning over their state legislators with promises of greater political power and outright bribes. Needless to say, this period seriously undermined the ability of most parties to discipline their members. The increase in opposition-ruled state governments after 1967 also prompted the Congress to use Presidents Rule to dismiss opposition-led state governments with increasing frequency (see Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers, this ch.).Although the centr ist and right-wing opposition formed a grand alliance during the 1971 parliamentary elections, it was not until the general elections of 197