Depression among Pregnant Adolescents: Literature Review

Depression among Pregnant Adolescents: Literature Review Review of Related Literature and Studies Depression among pregnant adolescents as well as the factors that contributes to the said condition is being discussed in this review of literature. The things that could help prevent or lessen depression and the use of The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale is also introduced. According to G. Tzilos et al,(2012). Depression during pregnancy is related to the increase number of mortality and morbidity among teenage mothers and infants. However, the cases of Adolescent pregnancy declined over the past years because of the strict implementation of contraceptive use in the United States still the number of occurring depression related to teenage pregnancy is alarming to the society nowadays. Early pregnancy does not only a threat to the mother but as well as the baby because when a teenager gets pregnant, it is expected that she will face many complications during and after her pregnancy and these complications could lead to death of her baby and herself. Adolescent Pregnancy is always perceived by the society as a major problem and a great threat that will add up to societal problems. These perceptions could make pregnant adolescents feel that they are being judged negatively by the society and could lead to depression. Majority of them felt that they are alw ays seen as persons who don’t know how to take good care of the upcoming baby because they are not yet fully matured. Some even relate teenage mothers to Erik Erikson’s Theory to illustrate that they are struggling in fulfilling two roles that they should take part. Pregnant Adolescents are not seeking for medical attention because for them they are mistreated and they are scared for the criticisms that they will receive from the people around them. That is why most pregnant adolescents’ faces problems and complications during labor because of lack of prenatal check-ups. Also in the studies planned pregnancy is compared to the unplanned of course planned pregnancy commonly happens to persons who went under the sacrament of matrimony and they unlikely to face complications and depression during pregnancy because of the support of their family as well as the society and those unplanned pregnancies are most likely to feel the opposite. The highest number of depress ion during pregnancy in found in the ethnicity of Latinas and a history of alcohol consumption and abuse whether it may be physical or sexual is found to be a significant contributing factors that could lead to depression. Pregnancy at an early age was commonly associated to poverty and societal issues. According to A. Katz, (2011) Majority of them voiced out that life before pregnancy was difficult and early pregnancy in their family was common so there is a possibility that they will follow the things that they have grown upon. Social connectedness plays an important role most specially the pregnant adolescent’s family. Some of the articles pointed out that the mother of the pregnant adolescent should be giving her more attention and support since she had been on the same experience before. Also, nurses were said to play a very important role in helping pregnant adolescents to prevent developing depression since they are the ones who will interact longer with their patients . One of the article’s main topic suggests that childbearing or being pregnant was the main reason why pregnant teenagers are experiencing depression. They say that depression seems to be linked with pregnancy because previous studies focus only on small populations. So what they did was they conducted a study with a big population between pregnant teens and pregnant adults. The questionnaires are given out to measure the level of depression inside it are questions such as things that bother them, how they manage feelings of sadness and concentration problems. The results showed that teenage mothers have an increase in depression incidence than adult mothers. However, carrying a child inside her womb was not the cause. They found out that even before they got pregnant, their level of depression was greater than compared to their friends and remained high even after giving birth to the baby. The results pointed out poverty and an existing stressor can predict adolescent pregna ncy because of the psychological thinking that if they become pregnant their life would be easier and the focus will be now given to the newborn baby. They observed that when they got pregnant, the chance is they become responsible for taking care of the baby inside her and the study suggested that research nowadays should focus on how the teenage mom going to pursue her ambitions in life after giving birth to the baby. Lastly, the study suggests that married teen pregnant mothers will likely develop a positive outcome in terms of behavior and decrease the likelihood of developing depression then unmarried teenage mothers. One study pointed out the factors that may increase the likelihood of teenage pregnancy. One factor that the researchers pointed to have a great impact on the incidence of teenage pregnancy was the age they started to engage in sexual intercourse they found out if a girl engages in sexual activity before 15 years old she is more prone in becoming pregnant. They al so pointed out United States as the most developed country with the highest incidence of adolescent pregnancy and one of the factors that causes early pregnancy was the number of sexual partners that an individual has. They say that if a girl had 3 or more sexual partners’ chances of being pregnant are high and if their partner’s age is more than 3 years of their age. The level of anxiety of a teenage father was discussed. Although there were only few studies about teenage fathers they found out that teenage father who became father for the first time has a high anxiety level compared to those who have been to the same situation before. The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale is a tool that is used by clinicians and researchers to identify adolescents who are at risk for developing depression. It is created by Dr. Stan Kutcher, various clinicians and researchers and it is acknowledged to be an effective tool in assessing depression among adolescents around the globe. There are three different scales of KADS a 6-item which is designed to be used in different institutions such as schools, other health care professionals and primary health care settings to screen patients who are at risk for developing depression as well as to evaluate young people who are always in distress and can be seen with symptoms of mental health problem. The 11-item KADS is usually used by health care providers and different clinical settings to treat adolescents who are experiencing depression. On the other hand, the 16-item KADS is exclusively designed for clinical research purposes only. KADS is a simple tool that understandable by an indiv idual who has a grade 6 reading level and ages 12 to 22 years old. Aside from being less complicated, the tool has been translated into many different languages for better understanding and it is free of charge. It has been recommended by many experts such as National Institute for Clinical Evaluation. In using the KADS the person should be instructed carefully by the health care provider, educator or any responsible person and should be clarified that the tool is for better understanding of the difficulties that the individual is facing. The last item of the scale is very sensitive to suicidal risk. Any individual who answered 1 or a little bit higher should be undergoing a further assessment for possible suicide. The KADS is free to use however it should not be copied or distributed without a written consent to Dr. Stan Kutcher. The people who created KADS appreciate receiving feedback on the said evaluation to determine whether KADS is still suitable or needs to be developed for better assessment. There are a lot of different studies regarding depressions among teenage pregnancy. Different methods were done to gather results and data. Participants are usually drawn to conduct different methods such as interviews and surveys. Different factors are studied to determine factors what depression can bring to pregnant adolescents. The most critical factor in health problems among adolescents are incidence and in labor and delivery. Complications that can be prevented by this studies. Young mothers should be educated in controlling depression because in can lead to different problems like diseases and suicidal tendencies. Different studies show that it occurs more in pre-developed countries. So comparative studies in the Philippines in specific rural and urban areas. Findings have shown that counseling and nursing interventions and services of preparing adolescents in motherhood. Teenage mothers shows higher rate of depression. One study shows that depression after likely to become d epressed after their babies were born than lower- or higher-resource adult mothers. Finding the root cause of depression of adolescents could help in a big way. Guiding 12-22 year old adolescents can prevent unwanted pregnancies and give them a reason to think this situation can affect them and their newborns. As researchers, information and statistics would be key in doing this comparative study in rural and urban areas. In Nigeria, the most important problem in health in adolescents especially in developing countries is from preterm labor and delivery. A teenage girl who is pregnant has a 40 % chance of women in Nigeria are 17.9 and 20.1 years and the incidence of abortion is about 25%. Millions of girls aged 15-19 have babies yearly but 10% of pregnancy due to the effect of early motherhood. Probably the cause of poverty in Africa. So the researchers assessed and explored the occurrence of complications in adult pregnancies and adolescents. The Philippines is a slightly developed country than Africa. Couples who have a lot of children is very common in both countries. Most of the started at the age 17-19 years. A study in Taiwan showed what risk factors and birth outcomes affect adolescent pregnancies. Fertility rates declined in Taiwan recently even thou birthrate in teenagers is highest in Asia. It remains a challenging issue for Taiwanese to control adolescent pregnancy. Ages 12-22 is critical year for an individual in exploring various curiosity that can affect negatively and positively. Smoking had significant higher rates of smoking during pregnancy for adolescent mothers but in drinking it was almost alike. These are causes that affect a mother dramatically and especially the baby upon birth. This could different deformities and even miscarriage. In tends to be worse especially in communities of the third world. Another study pointed out that in view of socio-cultural factors and good nutrition in early life for girls is essential. Programs that can guide them in different ways would be key to prevent early conception. In India, nearly one third of babies are low in birth weight. The main cause would be poverty which leads to under nutrition and diseases. Kumar et al. (2007) showed a high result of (26.1%) and stillbirths (4%) while Bhalerao et al. (1990) have reported a significantly higher proportion (8.6%) of spontaneous abortion in addition to premature labor (14%) in teenage pregnancy. It is said that better planning of appropriate measures to improve the situation. Studies show that individuals living in rural areas are undernourished throughout childhood and adolescence. About 36% women of reproductive age in India have low body mass index (BMI 2. Poor prepregnancy nutritional status of young rural girls is a result of nutritional as well as social factors and therefore, it is necessary to examine their interactive effect on reproductive health. According to ( Echa Kai,2008) who conducted a research on teenage pregnancy in Rajavith Hospital in India. Pregnancies occurring in adolescent girls have a higher risk than in adult females. Women ages According to the study (A.Katz,2011 and K Mccormick,2012) teenage pregnancy decreased because of the strict implementation of contraceptives in the United States. The US being a first world country, its resources are expandable and can be able to focus on different problems that country encounter. The United States was able to control teenage pregnancy because of health education by the use of contraceptives. Sex education is thought during high school to show teenagers the risk of unwanted pregnancy physically and mentally. The proper use of contraceptives is shown in order for them to be aware how unwanted pregnancies and diseases unsafe intercourse can affect an individual. As early as this age students are sexually aware. Pregnant adolescents are having difficulties in terms of playing 2 roles in life, being a mother and in the process being fully matured ( B.Tumage et al,2013 and J Magness 2012). Being a mother is big transitional change in a teenager. For her, able to care for the baby and herself would be a difficult task. At the adolescent age, an individual is starting to be mature enough in everyday responsibilities. Having a baby can affect an individual physically and mentally. At this young age, a drastic change can cause negative effects which can lead to depression. Guidance by family, counselors and health providers would be a key factor for them to be able adapt to this changes. Nurses play a vital role in preventing the development of depression by being approachable and providing assistance to them without any negative judgment (J.Magness, 2012). As health care providers. Nurses are aware how depression affects an individual. A nurse will be able to do interventions that will benefit the patient. Giving assistance without any judgment, for a nurse being a professional it is strictly not a personal matter but the goal is to provide care. The Patient-Trust relationship would be a vital key .Depression can lead to negative effect physically and mentally so it is necessary to prevent this. Unplanned pregnancy are most likely to develop depression (M. Phipps et al, 2012, K and Mccormick, 2012). An accidental pregnancy would be drastic change in lifestyle. Nowadays, people tend to hide if they are accidentally pregnant especially if they are young of age. For a person not be ready to bear child would be very difficult in the shift of living. It is common that both partners who did not planned for a baby tend to separate thus, the mother would suffer and she alone would give care and provide for the baby. This things could lead to depression that may lead various effects on the mother and the baby. Poverty was the main cause of teenage pregnancy and depression (G,Tzilos et al (2012), M Phipps,(2012) J Collingwood (2010). For an individual who is not educated, having a sexual relationship is some sort of pleasure without any consequences. Poverty, the most common problem of countries causes a negative effect in every aspect. Third world countries are usually the ones with the biggest population. Those not being able to afford contraceptive and the lack of health education causes unwanted pregnancy. An unwanted baby would cause depression. Gathering resources for the baby’s need would be a difficult task and would lead crimes and desperation. The baby would be most certainly affected by these by having inadequate care and nutrition.

A Character Study of J. Alfred Prufock

J. Alfred Prufock, the character in T.S. Eliot’s poem ‘The Love Song Of   J. Alfred Prufock’ is clearly portrayed in the poem as someone with a fleeting, flimsy personality, one who has a problem with self-esteem, and one who cannot take decisive action.The poem begins with a sweeping vista of frustration, â€Å"Let us go then, / you and I, /When the evening is spread out against the sky  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   / Like a patient etherised upon a table;† (1-3) setting the tone for the entire poem where the tone goes progressively miserable on the part of Prufock.Appropriately, this particular opening for the poem sets the stage for the character who goes through various situations and seems to be going around in circles or going back to ‘square one’ or is actually unable to progress in his character as illustrated by the refrain, â€Å"Let us go and make our visit. / In the room the women come and go / Talking of Michelangelo.† (12-14)   These lines are repeated numerous times throughout the poem usually after a series of narrations by the character focusing on what he has to go through.The previously mentioned sweeping vista of frustration also progresses as Prufock reveals more in the poem – unfortunately, there is no progress with the character as he consistently drags himself down, even to the bottom of the sea, in the end of the poem, â€Å"We have lingered in the chambers of the sea / By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown / Till human voices wake us, and we drown.† (129-131), indicating his inability to rise above the situation and merely succumb to the consequences of other people’s actions.Prufock, in the poem, manifests his fleeting, flimsy personality in many passages, like in the passage, â€Å"And time yet for a hundred indecisions, / And for a hundred visions and revisions,† (32-33), and in the repetition of the phrases, â€Å"There will be time, there will be timeâ₠¬ ¦There will be time†¦And time†¦Time for† (26,28-31)   Someone with the personality as indicated by these lines waits and expects for indecision to set in and cannot make up his mind as indicated by the phrase ‘visions and revisions’. (33)   In the same manner, the repetition of the ‘time’ phrases illustrates how Prufock allows time to pass him by in that instead of making time for things that he needs to do, he simply waits for time to come, and instead of grasping opportunity, remains passive.Prufock’s self-esteem problem is as well indicated by many lines that show how he feels about himself, foremost by his reference to his balding, â€Å"Time to turn back and descend the stair,   / With a bald spot in the middle of my hair – / [They will say: â€Å"How his hair is growing thin!†]† (39-41)Hair is a symbol of virility, and in these lines Prufock shows unsure he is of himself with the phrase ‘turn b ack’ (39) where he decides to go back down the stairs and hold his ground instead of moving up, because as shown in his internal thoughts, in the last bracketed line, he feels that people will be talking about his lack of virility.Prufock here illustrates his inability to cope with society in that he is quite concerned about what other people will say about him.   This lack of confidence and self-esteem is again validated when Profock talks about how he should make a decision, â€Å"And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, / When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, / Then how should I begin / To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?† (57-60)Here, he clearly shows how indecisive he can be, that even when he is in a situation that calls for drastic and immediate action, he resorts to slinking back and considering what he has done wrong, instead of considering what he can do right; ‘spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?† (60)Final ly, the very main train of Prufock in the poem that dominates the entire piece is his abject indecisiveness – while the whole poem takes this as its main subject matter, there are very detailed indications as to this particular trait of Prufock.   For instance, in the passage, â€Å"And how should I presume?†¦ And should I then presume? / And how should I begin?† (61, 68-69)More than this obvious indecision of the man when exposed to women is his deeper dilemma with what to do with himself, in the lines, â€Å"Though I have seen my head [grown slightly bald] brought in upon a platter / I am no prophet—and here’s no great matter; / I have seen the moment of my greatness flicker,† (82-84) These lines do not only show that Prufock is terribly indecisive, but it shows as well that because of his indecisiveness he had let opportunities pass to the point of regret and self-pity.The characterization of Prufock in the poem gave rise to what is known as Prufockian paralysis which is a personality type that is characterized by extreme self-pity, fleeting thought, severe loss of self-esteem, and serious indecisiveness to the point of corruption of the individual himself.   T.S. Elliot, in this poem, very accurately portrayed these traits in his character, Prufock, and created a living, breathing symbol of male indecision.

A Review of Joy Luck Club Essay Topics

A Review of Joy Luck Club Essay Topics She imagines all kinds of gruesome torture. The girls cannot relate to their mothers as they were raised in a different world. Getting the Best Joy Luck Club Essay Topics As a consequence, they have a wonderful deal of trouble communicating. And I know that it is too late. Answer all sections of the question in your responses. It also doesn't encourage action to take place because when the action is started, like a reprimand, it's frequently severe and unable to be stopped (Melani). An external conflict is every time a character must deal with problems originating from another man or the general public generally speaking. I understand this cause once I was little I use to observe the toy commercials on T. V and whenever I saw something which I wanted, I would tell her, and she'd get it for me, like nothing. So this is precisely what I will do. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Joy Luck Club Essay Topics It can distort the topic or don't deal adequately with one important facet of the topic. Both of them are anti-heroes that are courageous and wish to make the appropriate thing. She discovers that she's pregnant, but even this news can't lift her mood. Be certain to incorporate evidence from the text, and extend conclusions about the outcome of accepting the position which you've chosen. But I just let it occur. The supporting examples could possibly be missing occasionally or not well linked to the topic. Jing-mei's mother also took an excess job cleaning the house as a way to earn Jing-mei the chance to practice piano. If you don't now have a windshield. Usually it's a lengthy procedure and takes a longtime that has many wrong turns on the way. When you don't observe a shield on the website which matches that of yours. This permits you to truly feel confident in the choice you're making. Being particularly famed for works of literature specializing in mother-daughter ties, the author gives a chance to plunge into the hardships appearing as the effect of the generation gap. The narrative is pretty interesting up to now. Unfortunately Rose experienced racism although her spoken English was great. Finally learn more about the significance of dramatic irony to the total significance of the play. The Hidden Secret of Joy Luck Club Essay Topics Her marriage is quite poor. Immigration might be a good and a poor thing. The New Fuss About Joy Luck Club Essay Topics I tried to talk to a thick tongue. Just one sort of daughter can dwell in this home. Ying-ying wants her girl to have a joyful life. I believe this on account of the manner that my mom raised me. Parents play the biggest rolein evolving an individual. Such a society makes change extremely tricky. But then there are many ways it is different. To acquire knowledge in this manner and to internalize it, children have to be carefully trained. I think I can fulfill her expectations on account of the manner that she accepts what I do. Finding Joy Luck Club Essay Topics Our heritage has plenty of difficult stuff in it a great deal of misogyny, a great deal of fear and rage and death. She is going to fight me, as this is the character of two tigers. But now she wishes to be Chinese, it's so fashionable. Lindo realized that this isn't the sort of life that she wanted and she receives a rail ticket to Shanghai. He isn't trying to get Waverly to believe in this custom but she is trying to get Waverly to understand what she went through and how it affected her life. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Joy Luck Club Essay Topics Is Wrong For years now, people from all around the world have immigrated in the United States with hopes of getting this dream. Examine the subject of marriage as it's represented in The Joy Luck Club. However it appears that, to lots of immigrants that the American dream has quite a different and more small definition. An issue for the tw o mothers and daughters is finding a voice, in other words, locating a way to express the vital self. What Is So Fascinating About Joy Luck Club Essay Topics? Suyuan Woo is the sole member of the Joy Luck Club who doesn't have her own voice within this bookshe died a couple of months before the story begins. When analyzing the Joy Luck club it's very important to take into account the life span of the writer. While they are presently in the us, they want to be sure their daughters are vulnerable to and keep the Chinese culture. Suyuandies two months before the beginning of the book, and therefore isn't able to tellthe stories.

Financial Crisis The Recession - 1336 Words

FINANCIAL CRISIS 2007-2009 Introduction: The 2007-2009 financial crisis is generally considered to be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It famously led to some major financial institutions such as Lehman Brothers to collapse while many others including HBOS and the Royal Bank of Scotland had to be bailed out by the government. The stock market crashed, unemployment escalated and we were plunged into a recession sometimes referred to as the Great Recession. Although the recession is now considered to be over, its effects can still be felt in the form of high rates of unemployment and an incredible rise in our country’s debt. This essay will aim to succinctly and coherently explain what happened during the 2007-2009†¦show more content†¦The banks see an opportunity to connect investors to home owners through mortgages. They buy mortgages from the mortgage lenders (with the money they’ve borrowed at low interest rates) and make collateralized debt obligations or CDOs. CDOs enable the b anks to split up mortgages into 3 categories or â€Å"tranches†: safe, medium and risky, which means they can sell to investors seeking any level of risk from low to high and therefore any level of reward. Each category has a credit rating, assessed by agencies (who are paid by the banks). These ratings proved to in fact be far too generous, claiming that investments were safer than they actually were. The investors can now invest their money in the seemingly safe tranche of the CDOs and mass investing starts to occur. So much so that everyone who is eligible to take out a mortgage already has. When a mortgage defaults, the lenders get the home owners’ house and because houses were always increasing in value, lenders are in certain respects covered in the eventuality of defaults and start to introduce risk to their mortgages. Instead of lending to responsible home owners through prime mortgages, the lenders lend money to irresponsible home owners through sub prime mort gages. These subprime mortgages don’t require down payments or proof of income. This is the turning point of the financial crisis. An important aspect to point out is that the

Obamacare The Affordable Health Care Act - 1193 Words

Vanessa McCrary Jason Livingston English IV 30 October 2015 Obamacare Health Care Monstrosity With every new election comes new legislature the 2008 election had to deal with the hot new topic the Affordable Health Care Act (ACA). Then when Barack Obama was elected into office, he wanted it to be changed to Obamacare. Obamacare and the ACA is relatively the same thing. It is referred to as Obamacare because he is the one who signed for it to be passed. Due to the stress that Obamacare has put on the elderly, state businesses and small local business’s think that the United States should discontinue Obamacare during the next administration. Obamacare is an unofficial name for the Patient Protection and ACA (Affordable Care Act) which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010. The White House announced that in the first month, more than 100,000 Americans successfully enrolled in new insurance plans (The New America). That’s not even close to a quarter of the United States population. There have been problems with the website when it crashed. This prevented many Americans from completing the enrollment process. Which put a big hurt on the AC. But there is no question that there is a real demand for quality, affordable health insurance. In the first month, nearly a million people successfully completed an application for themselves or their families. An estimated amount 396,000 citizens have the ability to gain access to Medicaid under the Affordable CareShow MoreRelatedObamacare : The Affordable Health Care Act1610 Words   |  7 Pagesmonumental in the health care world. These changes have been posit ive as well as negative. This new government policy has come about through the Affordable Care Act, more commonly known as Obamacare. This new program has been so purely monumental, because government until then had not been directly involved with health care as much as they are. 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In this paper I am going to explain some of the major parts of the Affordable Healthcare Act and explain where I stand with this law. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was designed to improve the healthcare and health insurance business in the United States of America. Some of the main focuses of Obamacare is to add new gains for health care, more rights, more security, and making health careRead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1507 Words   |  7 Pagesequal health care coverage for all; and that is called The Affordable Care Act ( ACA)1 or also known as Obamacare. This program provides standardized medical expenses/procedures to be made and allows everyone -- who is eligible -- to have coverage. However, I think that we need to take in account how Obamacare is negatively impacting the lower class, middle class, and upper class; therefore, we should remove it. This law became effective on March 23, 2010 (Key Features of The Affordable Care Act). ObamacareRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )956 Words   |  4 PagesAbsract++++++++++++++++++++++++++= The Affordable Care Act (ACA) (also known as â€Å"Obamacare†) is an historic piece of legislation that has had massive effect on healthcare in the United States. Its systemic effects on healthcare in this country are numberous, from insurance to ambulatory care, from healthcare related taxes to healthcare resources, and beyond. That said, the following research paper attempts to summarize how this massive piece of legislation has effected healthcare in the UnitedRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1668 Words   |  7 PagesOn March 23,2010 the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, was signed into law. This act aims to provide affordable health care coverage for all United States citizens. â€Å"The Affordable Care Act affirms the core principle that everybody should have some basic security when it comes to their health care.† (President Obama) It will provide insurance to more than thirty million people who have been previously uninsured, and wil l be achieved by expanding Medicaid and extending federal subsidiesRead MoreThe Case against Obamacare667 Words   |  3 PagesThe case against Obamacare For healthcare coverage to work a healthcare system needs to be in place. The biggest thing we need to take away from this is whether healthcare is a commodity or human right and that it’s affordable. The people want the healthcare to be reform, but reformed in a better direction than what the Affordable Health Care Act is presenting. The people don’t want Washington to decide what type of care they need; the decision should be left upon the people. The new lawRead MoreKey Components Of H.R. 3590. It Has Been Referred To By1168 Words   |  5 PagesComponents of H.R. 3590 It has been referred to by several names; the â€Å"PPACA†, â€Å"H.R. 3590†, â€Å"ACA† and â€Å"Obamacare†. Whatever you wish to call it, it has become one of the most debated legislative acts of our time. It has also become the most significant piece of social legislation since Medicare was introduced to our country in the 1960’s (Patton, 2014). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President BarackRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a highly controversial act of the United States government commonly referred to as ObamaCare. Designed to â€Å"ensure that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care,† (Patient Protection) this bill has received a large amount of opposition for a variety of reasons, but it is also widely supported, t herefore garnering it attention from interest groups. Many interest groups, including religious organizations, attempt to change laws andRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe president, he implied many new suggestions in the United States, for example, the Affordable Care Act or The Patient Protection also known as Obamacare. The health care reform also known as The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or simply Obamacare became one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the United States since the mid-1960’s.1 This is the first attempt to reform the U.S. Health Care system of the United States since the 1960s, when the President Johnson created public

Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant Free Essays

string(30) " finish if you make speeches\." The â€Å"hangar† on Kalgan is an institution peculiar unto itself, born of the need for the disposition of the vast number of ships brought in by the visitors from abroad, and the simultaneous and consequent vast need for living accommodations for the same. The original bright one who had thought of the obvious solution had quickly become a millionaire. His heirs – by birth or finance – were easily among the richest on Kalgan. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant or any similar topic only for you Order Now The â€Å"hangar† spreads fatly over square miles of territory, and â€Å"hangar† does not describe it at all sufficiently. It is essentially a hotel – for ships. The traveler pays in advance and his ship is awarded a berth from which it can take off into space at any desired moment. The visitor then lives in his ship as always. The ordinary hotel services such as the replacement of food and medical supplies at special rates, simple servicing of the ship itself, special intra-Kalgan transportation for a nominal sum are to be had, of course. As a result, the visitor combines hangar space and hotel bill into one, at a saving. The owners sell temporary use of ground space at ample profits. The government collects huge taxes. Everyone has fun. Nobody loses. Simple! The man who made his way down the shadow-borders of the wide corridors that connected the multitudinous wings of the â€Å"hangar† had in the past speculated on the novelty and usefulness of the system described above, but these were reflections for idle moments – distinctly unsuitable at present. The ships hulked in their height and breadth down the long lines of carefully aligned cells, and the man discarded line after line. He was an expert at what he was doing now and if his preliminary study of the hangar registry had failed to give specific information beyond the doubtful indication of a specific wing – one containing hundreds of ships – his specialized knowledge could winnow those hundreds into one. There was the ghost of a sigh in the silence, as the man stopped and faded down one of the lines; a crawling insect beneath the notice of the arrogant metal monsters that rested there. Here and there the sparkling of light from a porthole would indicate the presence of an early returner from the organized pleasures to simpler – or more private – pleasures of his own. The man halted, and would have smiled if he ever smiled. Certainly the convolutions of his brain performed the mental equivalent of a smile. The ship he stopped at was sleek and obviously fast. The peculiarity of its design was what he wanted. It was not a usual model – and these days most of the ships of this quadrant of the Galaxy either imitated Foundation design or were built by Foundation technicians. But this was special. This was a Foundation ship – if only because of the tiny bulges in the skin that were the nodes of the protective screen that only a Foundation ship could possess. There were other indications, too. The man felt no hesitation. The electronic barrier strung across the line of the ships as a concession to privacy on the part of the management was not at all important to him. It parted easily, and without activating the alarm, at the use of the very special neutralizing force he had at his disposal. So the first knowledge within the ship of the intruder without was the casual and almost friendly signal of the muted buzzer in the ship’s living room that was the result of a palm placed over the little photocell just one side of the main air lock. And while that successful search went on, Toran and Bayta felt only the most precarious security within the steel walls of the Bayta. The Mule’s clown who had reported that within his narrow compass of body he held the lordly name of Magnifico Giganticus, sat hunched over the table and gobbled at the food set before him. His sad, brown eyes lifted from his meat only to follow Bayta’s movements in the combined kitchen and larder where he ate. â€Å"The thanks of a weak one are of but little value,† he muttered, â€Å"but you have them, for truly, in this past week, little but scraps have come my way – and for all my body is small, yet is my appetite unseemly great.† â€Å"Well, then, eat!† said Bayta, with a smile. â€Å"Don’t waste your time on thanks. Isn’t there a Central Galaxy proverb about gratitude that I once heard?† â€Å"Truly there is, my lady. For a wise man, I have been told, once said, ‘Gratitude is best and most effective when it does not evaporate itself in empty phrases.’ But alas, my lady, I am but a mass of empty phrases, it would seem. When my empty phrases pleased the Mule, it brought me a court dress, and a grand name – for, see you, it was originally simply Bobo, one that pleases him not – and then when my empty phrases pleased him not, it would bring upon my poor bones beatings and whippings.† Toran entered from the pilot room, â€Å"Nothing to do now but wait, Bay. I hope the Mule is capable of understanding that a Foundation ship is Foundation territory.† Magnifico Giganticus, once Bobo, opened his eyes wide and exclaimed, â€Å"How great is the Foundation before which even the cruel servants of the Mule tremble.† â€Å"Have you heard of the Foundation, too?† asked Bayta, with a little smile. â€Å"And who has not?† Magnifico’s voice was a mysterious whisper. â€Å"There are those who say it is a world of great magic, of fires that can consume planets, and secrets of mighty strength. They say that not the highest nobility of the Galaxy could achieve the honor and deference considered only the natural due of a simple man who could say ‘I am a citizen of the Foundation,’ – were he only a salvage miner of space, or a nothing like myself.† Bayta said, â€Å"Now, Magnifico, you’ll never finish if you make speeches. You read "Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant" in category "Essay examples" Here, I’ll get you a little flavored milk. It’s good.† She placed a pitcher of it upon the table and motioned Toran out of the room. â€Å"Torie, what are we going to do now – about him?† and she motioned towards the kitchen. â€Å"How do you mean?† â€Å"If the Mule comes, are we going to give him up?† â€Å"Well, what else, Bay?† He sounded harassed, and the gesture with which he shoved back the moist curl upon his forehead testified to that. He continued impatiently, â€Å"Before I came here I had a sort of vague idea that all we had to do was to ask for the Mule, and then get down to business – just business, you know, nothing definite.† â€Å"I know what you mean, Torie. I wasn’t much hoping to see the Mule myself, but I did think we could pick up some firsthand knowledge of the mess, and then pass it over to people who know a little more about this interstellar intrigue. I’m no storybook spy.† â€Å"You’re not behind me, Bay.† He folded his arms and frowned. â€Å"What a situation! You’d never know there was a person like the Mule, except for this last queer break. Do you suppose he’ll come for his clown?† Bayta looked up at him. â€Å"I don’t know that I want him to. I don’t know what to say or do. Do you?† The inner buzzer sounded with its intermittent burring noise. Bayta’s lips moved wordlessly, â€Å"The Mule!† Magnifico was in the doorway, eyes wide, his voice a whimper, â€Å"The Mule?† Toran murmured, â€Å"I’ve got to let them in.† A contact opened the air lock and the outer door closed behind the newcomer. The scanner showed only a single shadowed figure. â€Å"It’s only one person,† said Toran, with open relief, and his voice was almost shaky as he bent toward the signal tube, â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"You’d better let me in and find out, hadn’t you?† The words came thinly out the receiver. â€Å"I’ll inform you that this is a Foundation ship and consequently Foundation territory by international treaty.† â€Å"I know that.† â€Å"Come with your arms free, or I’ll shoot. I’m well-armed.† â€Å"Done!† Toran opened the inner door and closed contact on his blast pistol, thumb hovering over the pressure point. There was the sound of footsteps and then the door swung open, and Magnifico cried out, â€Å"It’s not the Mule. It’s but a man.† The â€Å"man† bowed to the clown somberly, â€Å"Very accurate. I’m not the Mule.† He held his hands apart, â€Å"I’m not armed, and I come on a peaceful errand. You might relax and put the blast pistol away. Your hand isn’t steady enough for my peace of mind.† â€Å"Who are you?† asked Toran, brusquely. â€Å"I might ask you that,† said the stranger, coolly, â€Å"since you’re the one under false pretenses, not I.† â€Å"How so?† â€Å"You’re the one who claims to be a Foundation citizen when there’s not an authorized Trader on the planet.† â€Å"That’s not so. How would you know?† â€Å"Because I am a Foundation citizen, and have my papers to prove it. Where are yours?† â€Å"I think you’d better get out.† â€Å"I think not. If you know anything about Foundation methods, and despite your imposture you might, you’d know that if I don’t return alive to my ship at a specified time, there’ll be a signal at the nearest Foundation headquarters so I doubt if your weapons will have much effect, practically speaking.† There was an irresolute silence and then Bayta said, calmly, â€Å"Put the blaster away, Toran, and take him at face value. He sounds like the real thing.† â€Å"Thank you,† said the stranger. Toran put his gun on the chair beside him, â€Å"Suppose you explain all this now.† The stranger remained standing. He was long of bone and large of limb. His face consisted of hard flat planes and it was somehow evident that he never smiled. But his eyes lacked hardness. He said, â€Å"News travels quickly, especially when it is apparently beyond belief. I don’t suppose there’s a person on Kalgan who doesn’t know that the Mule’s men were kicked in the teeth today by two tourists from the Foundation. I knew of the important details before evening, and, as I said, there are no Foundation tourists aside from myself on the planet. We know about those things.† â€Å"Who are the ‘we’?† â€Å"‘We’ are – ‘we’! Myself for one! I knew you were at the Hangar – you had been overheard to say so. I had my ways of checking the registry, and my ways of finding the ship.† He turned to Bayta suddenly, â€Å"You’re from the Foundation – by birth, aren’t you?† â€Å"Am I?† â€Å"You’re a member of the democratic opposition – they call it ‘the underground.’ I don’t remember your name, but I do the face. You got out only recently – and wouldn’t have if you were more important.† Bayta shrugged, â€Å"You know a lot.† â€Å"I do. You escaped with a man. That one?† â€Å"Does it matter what I say?† â€Å"No. I merely want a thorough mutual understanding. I believe that the password during the week you left so hastily was ‘Seldon, Hardin, and Freedom.’ Porfirat Hart was your section leader. â€Å" â€Å"Where’d you get that?† Bayta was suddenly fierce. â€Å"Did the police get him?† Toran held her back, but she shook herself loose and advanced. The man from the Foundation said quietly, â€Å"Nobody has him. It’s just that the underground spreads widely and in queer places. I’m Captain Han Pritcher of Information, and I’m a section leader myself – never mind under what name.† He waited, then said, â€Å"No, you don’t have to believe me. In our business it is better to overdo suspicion than the opposite. But I’d better get past the preliminaries.† â€Å"Yes,† said Toran, â€Å"suppose you do.† â€Å"May I sit down? Thanks.† Captain Pritcher swung a long leg across his knee and let an arm swing loose over the back of the chair. â€Å"I’ll start out by saying that I don’t know what all this is about – from your angle. You two aren’t from the Foundation, but it’s not a hard guess that you’re from one of the independent Trading worlds. That doesn’t bother me overmuch. But out of curiosity, what do you want with that fellow, that clown you snatched to safety? You’re risking your life to hold on to him.† â€Å"I can’t tell you that.† â€Å"Hm-m-m. Well, I didn’t think you would. But if you’re waiting for the Mule himself to come behind a fanfarade of horns, drums, and electric organs – relax! The Mule doesn’t work that way.† â€Å"What?† It came from both Toran and Bayta, and in the comer where Magnifico lurked with ears almost visibly expanded, there was a sudden joyful start. â€Å"That’s right. I’ve been trying to contact him myself, and doing a rather more thorough job of it than you two amateurs can. It won’t work. The man makes no personal appearance, does not allow himself to be photographed or simulated, and is seen only by his most intimate associates.† â€Å"Is that supposed to explain your interest in us, captain?† questioned Toran. â€Å"No. That clown is the key. That clown is one of the very few that have seen him. I want him. He may be the proof I need – and I need something, Galaxy knows – to awaken the Foundation.† â€Å"It needs awakening?† broke in Bayta with sudden sharpness. â€Å"Against what? And in what role do you act as alarm, that of rebel democrat or of secret police and provocateur?† The captain’s face set in its hard lines. â€Å"When the entire Foundation is threatened, Madame Revolutionary, both democrats and tyrants perish. Let us save the tyrants from a greater, that we may overthrow them in their turn.† â€Å"Who’s the greater tyrant you speak of?† flared Bayta. â€Å"The Mule! I know a bit about him, enough to have been my death several times over already, if I had moved less nimbly. Send the clown out of the room. This will require privacy.† â€Å"Magnifico,† said Bayta, with a gesture, and the clown left without a sound. The captain’s voice was grave and intense, and low enough so that Toran and Bayta drew close. He said, â€Å"The Mule is a shrewd operator – far too shrewd not to realize the advantage of the magnetism and glamour of personal leadership. If he gives that up, it’s for a reason. That reason must be the fact that personal contact would reveal something that is of overwhelming importance not to reveal.† He waved aside questions, and continued more quickly, â€Å"I went back to his birthplace for this, and questioned people who for their knowledge will not live long. Few enough are still alive. They remember the baby born thirty years before – the death of his mother – his strange youth. The Mule is not a human being!† And his two listeners drew back in horror at the misty implications. Neither understood, fully or clearly, but the menace of the phrase was definite. The captain continued, â€Å"He is a mutant, and obviously from his subsequent career, a highly successful one. I don’t know his powers or the exact extent to which he is what our thrillers would call a ‘superman,’ but the rise from nothing to the conqueror of Kalgan’s warlord in two years is revealing. You see, don’t you, the danger? Can a genetic accident of unpredictable biological properties be taken into account in the Seldon plan?† Slowly, Bayta spoke, â€Å"I don’t believe it. This is some sort of complicated trickery. Why didn’t the Mule’s men kill us when they could have, if he’s a superman?† â€Å"I told you that I don’t know the extent of his mutation. He may not be ready, yet, for the Foundation, and it would be a sign of the greatest wisdom to resist provocation until ready. Now let me speak to the clown.† The captain faced the trembling Magnifico, who obviously distrusted this huge, hard man who faced him. The captain began slowly, â€Å"Have you seen the Mule with your own eyes?† â€Å"I have but too well, respected sir. And felt the weight of his arm with my own body as well.† â€Å"I have no doubt of that. Can you describe him?† â€Å"It is frightening to recall him, respected sir. He is a man of mighty frame. Against him, even you would be but a spindling. His hair is of a burning crimson, and with all my strength and weight I could not pull down his arm, once extended – not a hair’s thickness.† Magnifico’s thinness seemed to collapse upon itself in a huddle of arms and legs. â€Å"Often, to amuse his generals or to amuse only himself, he would suspend me by one finger in my belt from a fearful height, while I chattered poetry. It was only after the twentieth verse that I was withdrawn, and each improvised and each a perfect rhyme, or else start over. He is a man of overpowering might, respected sir, and cruel in the use of his power – and his eyes, respected sir, no one sees.† â€Å"What? What’s that last?† â€Å"He wears spectacles, respected sir, of a curious nature. It is said that they are opaque and that he sees by a powerful magic that far transcends human powers. I have heard,† and his voice was small and mysterious, â€Å"that to see his eyes is to see death; that he kills with his eyes, respected sir.† Magnifico’s eyes wheeled quickly from one watching face to another. He quavered, â€Å"It is true. As I live, it is true. â€Å" Bayta drew a long breath, â€Å"Sounds like you’re right, captain. Do you want to take over?† â€Å"Well, let’s look at the situation. You don’t owe anything here? The hangar’s barrier above is free?† â€Å"I can leave any time.† â€Å"Then leave. The Mule may not wish to antagonize the Foundation, but he runs a frightful risk in letting Magnifico get away. It probably accounts for the hue and cry after the poor devil in the first place. So there may be ships waiting for you upstairs. If you’re lost in space, who’s to pin the crime?† â€Å"You’re right,† agreed Toran, bleakly. â€Å"However, you’ve got a shield and you’re probably speedier than anything they’ve got, so as soon as you’re clear of the atmosphere make the circle in neutral to the other hemisphere, then just cut a track outwards at top acceleration.† â€Å"Yes,† said Bayta coldly, â€Å"and when we are back on the Foundation, what then, captain?† â€Å"Why, you are then co-operative citizens of Kalgan, are you not? I know nothing to the contrary, do I?† Nothing was said. Toran turned to the controls. There was an imperceptible lurch. It was when Toran had left Kalgan sufficiently far in the rear to attempt his first interstellar jump, that Captain Pritcher’s face first creased slightly – for no ship of the Mule had in any way attempted to bar their leaving. â€Å"Looks like he’s letting us carry off Magnifico,† said Toran. â€Å"Not so good for your story.† â€Å"Unless,† corrected the captain, â€Å"he wants us to carry him off, in which case it’s not so good for the Foundation.† It was after the last jump, when within neutral-flight distance of the Foundation, that the first hyperwave news broadcast reached the ship. And there was one news item barely mentioned. It seemed that a warlord – unidentified by the bored speaker – had made representations to the Foundation concerning the forceful abduction of a member of his court. The announcer went on to the sports news. Captain Pritcher said icily, â€Å"He’s one step ahead of us after all.† Thoughtfully, he added, â€Å"He’s ready for the Foundation, and he uses this as an excuse for action. It makes things more difficult for us. We will have to act before we are really ready.† How to cite Foundation and Empire 14. The Mutant, Essay examples

Motivational Management Theories

Question: What is the Motivational Management Theories. Answer: Introduction Management theories are executed in an organisation to help in increasing service quality, and organisational productivity. According to the workforce, purpose, and workplace managers decided which theory or theories should be implemented to attain productivity and quality. To attain productivity and quality it is necessary that the employees working for the company are motivated. For motivating employees also some theories are being researched and used by the various organisations (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). Theories like Expectancy theory according to which, motivation can lead an individual to act in a particular behaviour and get the desired result. Equity theory which says those individuals are motivated due to fairness and inequity de-motivate them. Goal setting theory emphasises on setting goal is necessary for the motivation of employees. Herzberg theory is all about factors that lead to satisfaction of employees. Marlows hierarchy theory states that goal is the main reason for motivation in a human behaviour (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). All these theories are regularly implemented by companies to get the desired outcome by motivating their employees. How an employee is motivated and what factors motivates the employees are being analysed by these theories. Every theory has its own implanting factors that help in motivating the employees to get the desired result for the company. Companies having unmotivated employees regularly face high turnover rates and low productivity. Multiple theories help in explaining how to motivate employees and also provide suggestions for increasing motivation in the workplace. To improve business by improving worker productivity and increasing rates of employee retention it is necessary to understand the best theory that fits the employees of the company (Hatzistavrou, 2006). This report discusses the five motivation theories of management expectancy theory, equity theory, Herzberg theory, goal setting theory, and Marlows hierarchy theory. Evidence is provided to prove that which organization has used these theories for motivating their employees. Examples stating how a particular theory was applied in an organisation and how it resulted in the success and attainment of goals are also mentioned. Every theory has some disadvantages which are very necessary to considered by an organisation before implying that theory for motivating their employees. The issues related to these theories are discussed to get the full picture of the theories and how they can be best used for any organisation or a company (Dudovskiy, 2012). Motivational Management Theories Expectancy Theory Expectancy theory of motivation or Expectancy theory states that an individual would act or behave in a particular way as they are being motivated to prefer a peculiar behaviour to get the result which is expected due to the selected behaviour. The factors of expectancy theory are valance, expectancy, and instrumentality (Baumann Bonner, 2016). Evidence- The Yahoo Company used expectancy theory (Ann Lingle, 2015). Example- The CEO of the company removed work from home facility, cafeterias started serving free food, employees were given Android, and I- phones for use, and started a weekly Friday meeting for Yahoo employees for solving their problems by the management. It was concluded that the theory of expectancy had the desired result for the company and all the worker when working in the office were more invested in their work and therefore, working to achieve the great goal of bringing a change to the company. Furthermore, the policy changes resulted in increased worker connectivity, worker morale, and worker production (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). The issues related to the expectancy theory are:- Multiplicative or Additive- According to the expectancy theory the motivation is equal to expectancy which means if any factors of the theory are zero than employees will remain unmotivated whereas in reality employees work hard regardless of reward. Lack of Values- the theory assumes that all employees will be motivated in the same way for the desired reward, but that is not the fact many employees may get motivated by other factors also. Timing Issues- the expectancy theory takes that an employee work on a certain project just for the reward, but it totally ignores the person who works just because he wanted to perform well on a long-term. Implementation Challenges- According to expectancy theory a manger has full access to employees valance and instrumentality factors. But, in reality, it is hard for managers to identify actually the reward which will motivate all the employees (Bhattacharya, 2010). Equity Theory Equity theory states that an individual is motivated by fairness, and if any inequities come up in the ratio of input and output then to reach the perceived equity, the input will be adjusted. It suggests that more the individuals equity perception, the more motivated he will be and if he finds an unfair environment, it will de-motivate him (Francis Redmond, 2015). Evidence- a study was conducted by applying equity theory in Cornell's School of Management (Francis Redmond, 2015). Example- according to a study taken by Lawyer and OGara Company, they hired forty Yale University Undergraduates for conducting interviews and to be paid on the private basis. Students who were paid less come up with more interviews to get a better pay but quality of the better-paid one was better. There was a feeling of inequality amongst the low paid ones as they feel they worked harder than the other. There was a different level of job satisfaction attained by both the groups. The study proved the applicability of equity theory in the work environment. Issues related to the equity theory are: - Equity theory makes an individual be more focused on what the other person is getting in reward. It is not necessary the reward decided by the company is fair and equitable for the employees point of view. All the employees dont work in the same way, but they expect the same return as the other one is getting Employees may distort the outcome to prove that they are equitable for the reward (Angst Borowiecki, 2013). Goal Setting Theory Every organisation has a basic goal without it no employee will be motivated enough to come and work for the company. The management helps in setting complex and effective goals to boost the employees performance and companys profit. This management theory is known as goal setting theory (Goerg, 2015). Evidence- the US Navy Seal follows goal setting theory (Larter, 2014). Example- working in Navy one need to have a goal and the navy set goal need to be determined by the candidates are athletic ability, determination to win, and feeling of patriotism. These are first stepping to be a part of the Navy is to attain the goal set by the US navy seal (Stratton, 2005). The issues with goal setting theory are:- De-motivation- vague and unnecessary goals can lead to de-motivation. And if they are too easy or not specific then also, employees will not be motivated to achieve them. Performance Evaluation- if the goals are not set properly then the measurement of the employees performance will also hamper (Gomez-Minambres, 2012). Herzberg Theory Herzberg proposes the motivator-hygiene or two-factor theory. The theory says that there are some job elements or factors that provide satisfaction to employees and some factors prevent the dissatisfaction of job. In crux, the contradiction of satisfaction is no satisfaction and dissatisfactions reverse is no dissatisfaction (Shpektorenko, 2013). Evidence- The Tesco Company used Herzberg Theory for motivating their employees (Friedman, 2014). Example- the Tesco Company used Herzberg theory by paying attention to the factors causing satisfaction and also, those who are causing dissatisfaction. They found that an employee gets motivated by on time and appropriate communication. This includes involvement of personnel in decision making. For pay rise forums were held so staff can give their input. Their input in designing of restaurant menus was also asked which make them feel useful for the company hence, prevents any kind of dissatisfaction and alienation. The issues related to the Herzberg Theory are:- It overlooks the situational variables The theory assumes a correlation of satisfaction and productivity, but, the actual research ignores productivity and stresses upon satisfaction only. Any kind of comprehensive measure for satisfaction was not used in the theory Blue-collar workers are ignored by the theory (Sachau, 2007). Maslows Need Hierarchy Model Maslows hierarchy theory states that human behaviour is goal directed and motivation causes this goal- directed, behaviour. With the help of motivation needs of an individual can be tackled and handled purposely and that can be cleared by an understanding of the hierarchy of needs by the management (Udechukwu, 2009). Evidence- Virgin Atlantic Airlines uses Maslows Hierarchy (Dudovskiy, 2012). Example- the Maslows Hierarchy theory is effectively used by Virgin Atlantic Airlines to motivate their employees at all level according to the nature of employees immediate needs. They specifically included financial incentives for junior level employees, and professional and personal growth is perceived when motivating managers of medium level (Lester, 2013). Issues related to the Maslows Hierarchy theory are: - Maslows hierarchy theory is just based on many lists but not on a proper scientific research of the factors (Zhang Xu, 2010). Maslow never put up any data of research which means most of the theory was based on just assumption of human behaviour The theory cannot be considered on a general basis as it was conducted on prominently limited people. According to Maslows theory for achieving the potential and self- actualization ones lower needs must be satisfied. But, is it not the case on the regular basis (Pereira, de Campos, Camarini, 2012). Conclusion Any organisation that needs to motivate its employee to perform better, produce desired results, achieve goals of the company, and behave to produce a positive outcome for the company can use any of the theory discussed above in the report. The study on various management motivational theories provides an introduction to the theory where it shows how and on what factors thus, the theory works to motivate employees. Examples and evidence are given to prove that to which kind of a company a particular theory will work in the best way (Richter, 2013). Every theory has some pro and some cons that are necessary for an organisation to consider before implementing it in their organisation. The example shows the pros of the theories and the issues related to the theories are explained in detail to provide detailed information about the theory. The strength of this study is that it concludes and analyse five different theories of motivation, and they are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory, Herzberg theory, and Maslows hierarchy theory of needs. It becomes easy to consider which kind of theory will work better for an organisation by going through the all the factors provided in the study. One can compare between all the five theories present in the study and choose the best out of all which suits the situation of the company (Zhang Xu, 2010). If personnel go through the study provided here, he will be able to get a crux of most famous and useful motivational management theories. Big companies like Yahoo, Google, Tesco, US Navy Seal, and Virgin Atlantic Airlines has used either of the theories for motivating their employees at a certain time and found the success in implementation of the theory as well as getting the desired outcome in the form of motivated employees of the company. What factors these big companies has used and how they have implemented these theories in their companies are discussed in the example which is going to help the personnel to know better that which theory can be used in what ways to motivate companys employee to get the desired outcome from them. This study does not cover the advantages of all the theories in detail which may give an incomplete idea about the actual outcome of the theory, if implemented. It is necessary to go through each and every factor of the theory and that includes the disadvantages as well as advantages that will be provided by the implementation of these motivational management theories (Hatzistavrou, 2006). The authentic evidence given in the report will provide the person going through the study information about the company who has already used these theories to motivate their employees and successfully attained their goal. By going through the evidence, the person can know which type of company can use which theory that will suit the best for getting the success they desired from the implementation of these theories. In the end, it concludes that this study gave a crux of all the motivational management theories which can be used successfully to motivate an employees for the better productivity, better working environment, job satisfaction for employee, and equity amongst all the employees (Hammersley, 2013). References Angst, L. Borowiecki, K. (2013). Delegation and motivation.Theory And Decision,76(3), 363-393. Ann Lingle, F. (2015).Work Attitudes and Job Motivation.Expectancy Theory Overview. Baumann, M. Bonner, B. (2016). An Expectancy Theory Approach to Group Coordination: Expertise, Task Features, and Member Behavior.J. Behav. Dec. Bhattacharya, A. (2010). Expectancy theory.Nature,464(7287), 456-456. Dudovskiy, J. (2012).Virgin Atlantic Airlines: employee motivation, leadership and organisational culture.Research Methodology. Friedman, K. (2014).Motivational theory in practice at Tesco.Connection.ebscohost.com. Goerg, S. (2015). Goal setting and worker motivation.IZA World Of Labor. Hammersley, R. (2013). Constraint theory: A cognitive, motivational theory of dependence.Addiction Research Theory,22(1), 1-14.